Heterocyclic compound

ABSTRACT

wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a salt thereof.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a heterocyclic compound having ahistone deacetylase (in the present specification, sometimes to bereferred to as “HDAC”) inhibitory action, preferably a class II HDACinhibitory action, more preferably a HDAC6 inhibitory action, and may beuseful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and/or inflammatorydiseases (inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease, systemic lupuserythematosus, etc.), graft versus host disease (GvHD), cancers(multiple myeloma, leukemia, uterine leiomyosarcoma, prostate cancer,cachexia, myelofibrosis, etc.), central nervous diseases includingneurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobardegeneration, progressive supranuclea palsy, Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease, etc.), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and the like,and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

HDAC is a generic term for proteins deacetylating histone, and mainlycontrols gene expression in the nucleus of cells. HDAC has varioustypes, and is reported to be deeply related to pathological conditionssuch as immune, inflammation, cancer, nervous disease and the like. Thegene expression regulation by HDAC is dependent on kinds of cell, targetprotein to be acted on, or cellular environment (Non-Patent Document 1).

Acetylation of histone is one of important determinants for geneexpression. It is known that acetylation of histone generally acts inthe direction of acceleration of transcription, and deacetylation ofhistone generally acts in the direction of suppression of geneexpression. HDAC is a generic term for enzymes removing an acetyl groupfrom lysine residue of target protein including histone. HDAC family isclassified into four kinds of HDACs (class I HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3, 8),class II HDACs (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10), class III HDACs (SIRT1-7), classIV HDAC (HDAC11)). Among them, class I HDACs is ubiquitously expressed,and mainly localized in the nucleus. It shows high enzyme activityagainst histone, and its role as modification of histone andtranscription repressor is widely studied. Class II HDAC is classifiedinto IIa (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) and IIb (HDAC6, 10) based on the domainstructure. Class IIa HDACs have an N-terminal domain bonded totranscription factor and a C-terminal domain having a nuclear transportsignal, and can move between nucleus and cytoplasm. Unlike the otherHDACs, its expression pattern is comparatively localized. For example,HDAC5 and HDAC9 are expressed in muscle, heart and brain. On the otherhand, class IIb HDACs has a tandem structure of deacetylating domain,unlike class IIa HDACs, and HDAC6 is mainly expressed in cytoplasm. Asthe target molecule of HDAC6, α-tubulin and cortactin and the like,which are cytoskeleton proteins, are reported. It is known that lowmolecular HDAC inhibitors cause various cellular reactions such ascell-growth inhibition, cellular differentiation and cellular apoptosis,and HDAC inhibitors such as SAHA (vorinostat) and FK228 (romidepsin) arepresently clinically used for T-cell malignant lymphoma as indication.In addition, effects of HDAC inhibitor on animal models of someinflammatory diseases, for example, models of arthritis, inflammatorybowel disease, GvHD, sepsis and the like are also reported (Non-PatentDocuments 1, 2 and 3).

It is reported that vorinostat and trichostatin, which are HDACinhibitors, show symptom improvement of pathological condition andactions such as protection action and the like in various animal modelsof autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease including arthritis model,enteritis model, GvHD model and the like (see Non-Patent Documents 4 to7). In addition, it is reported that tubacin, which is a HDAC6inhibitor, enhances regulatory T cell inhibitory action, and suppressesT-cell-dependent immune response in experimental enteritis model(Non-Patent Document 8). Therefore, HDAC inhibitor and/or HDAC6inhibitor can be therapeutic drugs for various autoimmune diseasesand/or inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease,multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and the like, GvHD andthe like (Non-Patent Documents 2 and 9).

In addition, HDAC has an important role in tumor formation because itregulates activities of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene. For example,it is reported that overexpression of HDAC in prostate cancer,colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, stomachcancer and the like correlates with decrease in disease-free survivaland overall survival (Non-Patent Document 3). Therefore, HDAC inhibitortargeting solid cancer and blood tumor is developed. Vorinostat andromidepsin, which are HDAC inhibitors, have been approved by FDA as atherapeutic drug for T-cell malignant lymphoma, and plural HDACinhibitors are preclinical or in clinical trials (Non-Patent Document10). In addition, it is reported that ACY-1215, which is a HDAC6inhibitor, has a tumor growth inhibitory action or an extended survivalaction in multiple myeloma model, when used in combination withbortezomib (Non-Patent Document 11). Therefore, HDAC inhibitor and/orHDAC6 inhibitor can be therapeutic drugs for cancers such as multiplemyeloma, leukemia, uterine leiomyosarcoma, prostate cancer, cachexia,myelofibrosis and the like.

On the other hand, it is reported that vorinostat and valproic acid,which are HDAC inhibitors, show actions such as improvement of spatialmemory, increased motor function and the like in animal models such asAlzheimer's disease model, Huntington's disease model and the like(Non-Patent Document 12). In addition, it is reported that ACY-738 andACY-775, which are HDAC6 inhibitors, show a significant antidepressantaction in ethopharmacological experiments such as tail suspension testand the like (Non-Patent Document 13). Moreover, it is reported thatHDAC6 also has an important role in regulation of amyloid β involved inmaintenance of homeostasis of tau and stability of microtubule which aredeeply related to Alzheimer's disease, and that inhibition of HDAC6improves memory in neurodegeneration mouse model in water maze testusing HDAC6 knockout mouse and APPPS1-21 mouse which is a Alzheimer'sdisease mouse model (Non-Patent Documents 14 and 15). Therefore, HDACinhibitor and/or HDAC6 inhibitor can be therapeutic drugs for centralnervous system diseases including neurodegenerative diseases.

The compounds having a structure similar to that of the compounddescribed in the present specification are, for example, the followingcompounds.

(1) Patent Documents 1-3 disclose a compound represented by thefollowing formula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is an HDAC inhibitor, and effective in the treatment of autoimmunedisease, immune disease, inflammatory disease and the like.(2) Patent Documents 4-5 disclose a compound represented by thefollowing formula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is an HDAC inhibitor, and is effective in the treatment ofautoimmune disease, immune disease, inflammatory disease and the like.(3) Patent Document 6 discloses a compound represented by the followingformula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is a Class II HDAC (HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC9) inhibitor,and effective in the treatment of autoimmune disease, immune disease,inflammatory disease and the like.(4) Patent Document 7 discloses a compound represented by the followingformula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is a Class II HDAC (HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC9) inhibitor,and effective in the treatment of autoimmune disease, immune disease,inflammatory disease and the like.(5) Patent Document 8 discloses a compound represented by the followingformula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is a Class II HDAC (HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC9) inhibitor,and effective in the treatment of autoimmune disease, immune disease,inflammatory disease and the like.(6) Patent Document 9 discloses a compound represented by the followingformula:

wherein each symbol is as defined in the document,which is a Class II HDAC (HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC9) inhibitor,and effective in the treatment of autoimmune disease, immune disease,inflammatory disease and the like.

DOCUMENT LIST Patent Document

-   Patent Document 1: WO 2011/088181-   Patent Document 2: WO 2013/009810-   Patent Document 3: WO 2013/009830-   Patent Document 4: WO 2011/088192-   Patent Document 5: WO 2013/009827-   Patent Document 6: WO 2013/066833-   Patent Document 7: WO 2013/066835-   Patent Document 8: WO 2013/066838-   Patent Document 9: WO 2013/066839

Non-Patent Document

-   Non-Patent Document 1: Nature Reviews Genetics 10, 32-42 (2009).-   Non-Patent Document 2: Trend in Immunology 32, 335-343 (2011).-   Non-Patent Document 3: J Clin Invest 124, 30-39 (2014).-   Non-Patent Document 4: Mol Ther 8, 707-717 (2003).-   Non-Patent Document 5: J Immunol 176, 5015-5022 (2006).-   Non-Patent Document 6: Br J Pharmacol 150, 862-872 (2007).-   Non-Patent Document 7: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 4796-4801 (2008).-   Non-Patent Document 8: Mol Cell Biol 31, 2066-2078 (2011).-   Non-Patent Document 9: Ann Rheum Dis 71, i46-i54 (2011).-   Non-Patent Document 10: Nature Review Clinical Oncology 10, 256-266    (2013).-   Non-Patent Document 11: Blood 119, 2579-2589 (2012).-   Non-Patent Document 12: Trend in Neuroscience 32, 591-601 (2009).-   Non-Patent Document 13: Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 389-400 (2014).-   Non-Patent Document 14: EMBO Mol Med 5, 52-63 (2013).-   Non-Patent Document 15: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 56, 6297-6313    (2013).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention aims to provide a heterocyclic compound having aHDAC inhibitory action, and useful for the treatment of autoimmunediseases and/or inflammatory diseases (inflammatory bowel disease,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome,Behcet's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.), graft versus hostdisease (GvHD), cancers (multiple myeloma, leukemia, uterineleiomyosarcoma, prostate cancer, cachexia, myelofibrosis, etc.), centralnervous diseases including neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer'sdisease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranucleapalsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, etc.),Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and the like, and a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the compound.

Means of Solving the Problems

The present inventors have conducted intensive studies to solve theabove-mentioned problems, and have found that a compound represented bythe following formula (I) has a superior HDAC inhibitory action, andcompleted the present invention based on these findings.

Accordingly, the present invention provides the following.

[1] A compound represented by the formula:

wherein

X is CH or N,

R¹ is an optionally substituted aromatic ring, andR², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent,or a salt thereof (hereinafter sometimes to be referred to as compound(I)).[2] The compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1], wherein R¹ is anoptionally substituted C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an optionallysubstituted 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle;R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom, an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group or an optionally substituted carbamoyl group; andR⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group.[3] The compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1], wherein R¹ is aC₆-14 aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclicaromatic heterocycle, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from

(a) a halogen atom,

(b) a cyano group,

(c) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituentsselected from

-   -   (i) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, and    -   (ii) a halogen atom,

(d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituentsselected from

-   -   (i) a halogen atom, and    -   (ii) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group,

(e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group,

(f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group,

(g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl)amino group,

(h) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group,

(i) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, and

(j) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionallysubstituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups;

R² and R³ are independently

(1) a hydrogen atom,

(2) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituentsselected from

-   -   (a) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group,    -   (b) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, and    -   (c) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group        optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups, or

(3) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group; and

R⁴ and Rb are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group.[4] The compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1], wherein R¹ isbenzene or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle, each ofwhich is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C₁₋₆ alkoxy groups;R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.[5] The compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1], wherein R¹ isbenzene;R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.[6]6-Benzyl-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one,or a salt thereof.[7]2-Benzyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one,or a salt thereof.[8]2-((1S)-1-Phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one,or a salt thereof.[9] A medicament comprising the compound or salt of the above-mentioned[1].[10] The medicament of the above-mentioned [9], which is a histonedeacetylase inhibitor.[11] The medicament of the above-mentioned [9], which is an agent forthe prophylaxis or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.[12] The compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1] for use in theprophylaxis or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.[13] A method of inhibiting histone deacetylase in a mammal, whichcomprises administering an effective amount of the compound or salt ofthe above-mentioned [1] to the mammal.[14] A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of neurodegenerativediseases in a mammal, which comprises administering an effective amountof the compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1] to the mammal.[15] Use of the compound or salt of the above-mentioned [1] for theproduction of an agent for the prophylaxis or treatment ofneurodegenerative diseases.

Effect of the Invention

Compound (I) has a HDAC inhibitory action, and may be useful for thetreatment of autoimmune diseases and/or inflammatory diseases(inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiplesclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease, systemic lupuserythematosus, etc.), graft versus host disease (GvHD), cancers(multiple myeloma, leukemia, uterine leiomyosarcoma, prostate cancer,cachexia, myelofibrosis, etc.), central nervous diseases includingneurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobardegeneration, progressive supranuclea palsy, Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease, etc.), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows increase in acetylated tubulin in mice in vivo inExperimental Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is explained in detail in the following.

The definition of each substituent used in the present specification isdescribed in detail in the following. Unless otherwise specified, eachsubstituent has the following definition.

In the present specification, examples of the “halogen atom” includefluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” includemethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl,isohexyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl and2-ethylbutyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkyl group” include a C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally having 1 to 7,preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specific examples thereof includemethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl,ethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, tetrafluoroethyl,pentafluoroethyl, propyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl,isopropyl, butyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 5,5,5-trifluoropentyl, hexyl and6,6,6-trifluorohexyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₂₋₆ alkenyl group”include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl,2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl,3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl and5-hexenyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₂₋₆ alkynyl group”include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl,3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl,2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl and 4-methyl-2-pentynyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group”include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl,bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl and adamantyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group” include a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group optionallyhaving 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specific examplesthereof include cyclopropyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl,2,3-difluorocyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, difluorocyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl group”include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptenyl and cyclooctenyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₆₋₁₄ aryl group” includephenyl, l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl and 9-anthryl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group”include benzyl, phenethyl, naphthylmethyl and phenylpropyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkoxy group”include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy,sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkoxy group” include a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group optionally having 1 to 7,preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specific examples thereof includemethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy,2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy,4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxygroup” include cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy,cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy and cyclooctyloxy.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkylthio group”include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio,sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, pentylthio and hexylthio.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkylthio group” include a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group optionally having 1to 7, preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specific examples thereofinclude methylthio, difluoromethylthio, trifluoromethylthio, ethylthio,propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, 4,4,4-trifluorobutylthio,pentylthio and hexylthio.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonylgroup” include acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl,pentanoyl, 3-methylbutanoyl, 2-methylbutanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl,hexanoyl and heptanoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group” include a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl groupoptionally having 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specificexamples thereof include acetyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl,trichloroacetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl and hexanoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonylgroup” include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl,isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl,sec-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, pentyloxycarbonyl andhexyloxycarbonyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonylgroup” include benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl and 2-naphthoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbonylgroup” include phenylacetyl and phenylpropionyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “5- to 14-memberedaromatic heterocyclylcarbonyl group” include nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl,thenoyl and furoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “3- to 14-memberednon-aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyl group” include morpholinylcarbonyl,piperidinylcarbonyl and pyrrolidinylcarbonyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “mono- or di-C₁₋₆alkyl-carbamoyl group” include methylcarbamoyl, ethylcarbamoyl,dimethylcarbamoyl, diethylcarbamoyl and N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbamoyl group” include benzylcarbamoyl and phenethylcarbamoyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group”include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl,isopropylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, sec-butylsulfonyl andtert-butylsulfonyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group” include a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group optionallyhaving 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 5, halogen atoms. Specific examplesthereof include methylsulfonyl, difluoromethylsulfonyl,trifluoromethylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl,isopropylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutylsulfonyl,pentylsulfonyl and hexylsulfonyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyl group”include phenylsulfonyl, 1-naphthylsulfonyl and 2-naphthylsulfonyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “substituent” include ahalogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an optionally substitutedhydrocarbon group, an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, an acylgroup, an optionally substituted amino group, an optionally substitutedcarbamoyl group, an optionally substituted thiocarbamoyl group, anoptionally substituted sulfamoyl group, an optionally substitutedhydroxy group, an optionally substituted sulfanyl (SH) group and anoptionally substituted silyl group.

In the present specification, examples of the “hydrocarbon group”(including “hydrocarbon group” of “optionally substituted hydrocarbongroup”) include a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkynylgroup, a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₆₋₁₄aryl group and a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedhydrocarbon group” include a hydrocarbon group optionally havingsubstituent(s) selected from the following Substituent group A.

[Substituent group A](1) a halogen atom,(2) a nitro group,(3) a cyano group,(4) an oxo group,(5) a hydroxy group,(6) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkoxy group,(7) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, naphthoxy),(8) a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyloxy group (e.g., benzyloxy),(9) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclyloxy group (e.g.,pyridyloxy),(10) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclyloxy group (e.g.,morpholinyloxy, piperidinyloxy),(11) a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyloxy group (e.g., acetoxy, propanoyloxy),(12) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyloxy group (e.g., benzoyloxy, 1-naphthoyloxy,2-naphthoyloxy),(13) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyloxy group (e.g., methoxycarbonyloxy,ethoxycarbonyloxy, propoxycarbonyloxy, butoxycarbonyloxy),(14) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyloxy group (e.g.,methylcarbamoyloxy, ethylcarbamoyloxy, dimethylcarbamoyloxy,diethylcarbamoyloxy),(15) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbamoyloxy group (e.g., phenylcarbamoyloxy,naphthylcarbamoyloxy),(16) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyloxy group (e.g.,nicotinoyloxy),(17) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyloxy group(e.g., morpholinylcarbonyloxy, piperidinylcarbonyloxy),(18) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyloxy group (e.g.,methylsulfonyloxy, trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy),(19) a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyloxy group optionally substituted by a C₁₋₆alkyl group (e.g., phenylsulfonyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy),(20) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkylthio group,(21) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group,(22) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group,(23) a formyl group,(24) a carboxy group,(25) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group,(26) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group,(27) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyl group,(28) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyl group,(29) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group,(30) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy-carbonyl group (e.g., phenyloxycarbonyl,1-naphthyloxycarbonyl, 2-naphthyloxycarbonyl),(31) a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyloxy-carbonyl group (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl,phenethyloxycarbonyl),(32) a carbamoyl group,(33) a thiocarbamoyl group,(34) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group,(35) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbamoyl group (e.g., phenylcarbamoyl),(36) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylcarbamoyl group (e.g.,pyridylcarbamoyl, thienylcarbamoyl),(37) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclylcarbamoyl group (e.g.,morpholinylcarbamoyl, piperidinylcarbamoyl),(38) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group,(39) a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyl group,(40) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylsulfonyl group (e.g.,pyridylsulfonyl, thienylsulfonyl),(41) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl group,(42) a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfinyl group (e.g., phenylsulfinyl,1-naphthylsulfinyl, 2-naphthylsulfinyl),(43) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylsulfinyl group (e.g.,pyridylsulfinyl, thienylsulfinyl),(44) an amino group,(45) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkylamino group (e.g., methylamino, ethylamino,propylamino, isopropylamino, butylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino,dipropylamino, dibutylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino),(46) a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ arylamino group (e.g., phenylamino),(47) a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclylamino group (e.g.,pyridylamino),(48) a C₇₋₁₆ aralkylamino group (e.g., benzylamino),(49) a formylamino group,(50) a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonylamino group (e.g., acetylamino,propanoylamino, butanoylamino),(51) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl) amino group (e.g.,N-acetyl-N-methylamino),(52) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonylamino group (e.g., phenylcarbonylamino,naphthylcarbonylamino),(53) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonylamino group (e.g., methoxycarbonylamino,ethoxycarbonylamino, propoxycarbonylamino, butoxycarbonylamino,tert-butoxycarbonylamino),(54) a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyloxy-carbonylamino group (e.g.,benzyloxycarbonylamino),(55) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino group (e.g., methylsulfonylamino,ethylsulfonylamino),(56) a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonylamino group optionally substituted by a C₁₋₆alkyl group (e.g., phenylsulfonylamino, toluenesulfonylamino),(57) an optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl group,(58) a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group,(59) a C₂₋₆ alkynyl group,(60) a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group,(61) a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, and(62) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group.

The number of the above-mentioned substituents in the “optionallysubstituted hydrocarbon group” is, for example, 1 to 5, preferably 1 to3. When the number of the substituents is two or more, the respectivesubstituents may be the same or different.

In the present specification, examples of the “heterocyclic group”(including “heterocyclic group” of “optionally substituted heterocyclicgroup”) include (i) an aromatic heterocyclic group, (ii) a non-aromaticheterocyclic group and (iii) a 7- to 10-membered bridged heterocyclicgroup, each containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom,1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and anoxygen atom.

In the present specification, examples of the “aromatic heterocyclicgroup” (including “5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group”)include a 5- to 14-membered (preferably 5- to 10-membered) aromaticheterocyclic group containing, as a ring-constituting atom besidescarbon atom, 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfuratom and an oxygen atom.

Preferable examples of the “aromatic heterocyclic group” include 5- or6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocyclic groups such as thienyl,furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl and the like; and8- to 14-membered fused polycyclic (preferably bi or tricyclic) aromaticheterocyclic groups such as benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl,benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzisothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,furopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl,thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl,thienopyrimidinyl, furopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl,pyrazolopyrimidinyl, oxazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolopyrimidinyl,pyrazolotriazinyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, phenoxathiinyl, indolyl,isoindolyl, 1H-indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl,naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, carbazolyl,β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl,phenoxazinyl and the like.

In the present specification, examples of the “non-aromatic heterocyclicgroup” (including “3- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group”)include a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered) non-aromaticheterocyclic group containing, as a ring-constituting atom besidescarbon atom, 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfuratom and an oxygen atom.

Preferable examples of the “non-aromatic heterocyclic group” include 3-to 8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic groups such asaziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl,pyrazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydroisothiazolyl,tetrahydrooxazolyl, tetrahydroisooxazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydropyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydrothiopyranyl,tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,azepanyl, diazepanyl, azepinyl, oxepanyl, azocanyl, diazocanyl and thelike; and 9- to 14-membered fused polycyclic (preferably bi ortricyclic) non-aromatic heterocyclic groups such as dihydrobenzofuranyl,dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrobenzothiazolyl,dihydrobenzisothiazolyl, dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]thienyl,tetrahydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, indolinyl,isoindolinyl, tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, tetrahydrobenzazepinyl,tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, tetrahydrophenanthridinyl,hexahydrophenothiazinyl, hexahydrophenoxazinyl, tetrahydrophthalazinyl,tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, tetrahydroquinazolinyl, tetrahydrocinnolinyl,tetrahydrocarbazolyl, tetrahydro-β-carbolinyl, tetrahydroacrydinyl,tetrahydrophenazinyl, tetrahydrothioxanthenyl, octahydroisoquinolyl andthe like.

In the present specification, preferable examples of the “7- to10-membered bridged heterocyclic group” include quinuclidinyl and7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl.

In the present specification, examples of the “nitrogen-containingheterocyclic group” include a “heterocyclic group” containing at leastone nitrogen atom as a ring-constituting atom.

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedheterocyclic group” include a heterocyclic group optionally havingsubstituent(s) selected from the above-mentioned Substituent group A.

The number of the substituents in the “optionally substitutedheterocyclic group” is, for example, 1 to 3. When the number of thesubstituents is two or more, the respective substituents may be the sameor different.

In the present specification, examples of the “acyl group” include aformyl group, a carboxy group, a carbamoyl group, a thiocarbamoyl group,a sulfino group, a sulfo group, a sulfamoyl group and a phosphono group,each optionally having “1 or 2 substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkylgroup, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group and a 3- to 14-memberednon-aromatic heterocyclic group, each of which optionally has 1 to 3substituents selected from a halogen atom, an optionally halogenatedC₁₋₆ alkoxy group, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, a cyano group, anamino group and a carbamoyl group”.

Examples of the “acyl group” also include a hydrocarbon-sulfonyl group,a heterocyclylsulfonyl group, a hydrocarbon-sulfinyl group and aheterocyclylsulfinyl group.

Here, the hydrocarbon-sulfonyl group means a hydrocarbon group-bondedsulfonyl group, the heterocyclylsulfonyl group means a heterocyclicgroup-bonded sulfonyl group, the hydrocarbon-sulfinyl group means ahydrocarbon group-bonded sulfinyl group and the heterocyclylsulfinylgroup means a heterocyclic group-bonded sulfinyl group.

Preferable examples of the “acyl group” include a formyl group, acarboxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl-carbonylgroup (e.g., crotonoyl), a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-carbonyl group (e.g.,cyclobutanecarbonyl, cyclopentanecarbonyl, cyclohexanecarbonyl,cycloheptanecarbonyl), a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl-carbonyl group (e.g.,2-cyclohexenecarbonyl), a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₁₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄aryloxy-carbonyl group (e.g., phenyloxycarbonyl, naphthyloxycarbonyl), aC₇₋₁₆ aralkyloxy-carbonyl group (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl,phenethyloxycarbonyl), a carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆alkyl-carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₂₋₆ alkenyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,diallylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,cyclopropylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,phenylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclylcarbamoyl group (e.g.,pyridylcarbamoyl), a thiocarbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆alkyl-thiocarbamoyl group (e.g., methylthiocarbamoyl,N-ethyl-N-methylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₂₋₆ alkenyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., diallylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl-thiocarbamoyl group (e.g., cyclopropylthiocarbamoyl,cyclohexylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-thiocarbamoyl group(e.g., phenylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., benzylthiocarbamoyl, phenethylthiocarbamoyl), a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclylthiocarbamoyl group (e.g.,pyridylthiocarbamoyl), a sulfino group, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl group(e.g., methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl), a sulfo group, a C₁₋₆alkylsulfonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyl group, a phosphono group and amono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkylphosphono group (e.g., dimethylphosphono,diethylphosphono, diisopropylphosphono, dibutylphosphono).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedamino group” include an amino group optionally having “1 or 2substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, aC₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbamoyl group, a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoylgroup, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group and a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyl group, eachof which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected from Substituentgroup A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted amino group include anamino group, a mono- or di-(optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl) aminogroup (e.g., methylamino, trifluoromethylamino, dimethylamino,ethylamino, diethylamino, propylamino, dibutylamino), a mono- or di-C₂₋₆alkenylamino group (e.g., diallylamino), a mono- or di-C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylamino group (e.g., cyclopropylamino, cyclohexylamino), a mono-or di-C₆₋₁₄ arylamino group (e.g., phenylamino), a mono- or di-C₁₋₁₆aralkylamino group (e.g., benzylamino, dibenzylamino), a mono- ordi-(optionally halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl)-carbonylamino group (e.g.,acetylamino, propionylamino), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonylaminogroup (e.g., benzoylamino), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbonylaminogroup (e.g., benzylcarbonylamino), a mono- or di-5- to 14-memberedaromatic heterocyclylcarbonylamino group (e.g., nicotinoylamino,isonicotinoylamino), a mono- or di-3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonylamino group (e.g., piperidinylcarbonylamino), amono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonylamino group (e.g.,tert-butoxycarbonylamino), a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylamino group (e.g., pyridylamino), a carbamoylamino group, a(mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl) amino group (e.g.,methylcarbamoylamino), a (mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoyl) aminogroup (e.g., benzylcarbamoylamino), a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino group(e.g., methylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfonylamino), a C₆₋₁₄arylsulfonylamino group (e.g., phenylsulfonylamino), a (C₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl) amino group (e.g., N-acetyl-N-methylamino) and a(C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl) amino group (e.g.,N-benzoyl-N-methylamino).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedcarbamoyl group” include a carbamoyl group optionally having “1 or 2substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, aC₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbamoyl group, a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group and a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoylgroup, each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected fromSubstituent group A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted carbamoyl groupinclude a carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, amono- or di-C₂₋₆ alkenyl-carbamoyl group (e.g., diallylcarbamoyl), amono- or di-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,cyclopropylcarbamoyl, cyclohexylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄aryl-carbamoyl group (e.g., phenylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl-carbamoylgroup (e.g., acetylcarbamoyl, propionylcarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄aryl-carbonyl-carbamoyl group (e.g., benzoylcarbamoyl) and a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclylcarbamoyl group (e.g.,pyridylcarbamoyl).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedthiocarbamoyl group” include a thiocarbamoyl group optionally having “1or 2 substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenylgroup, a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkylgroup, a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbamoyl group, a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group and a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoylgroup, each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected fromSubstituent group A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted thiocarbamoyl groupinclude a thiocarbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., methylthiocarbamoyl, ethylthiocarbamoyl,dimethylthiocarbamoyl, diethylthiocarbamoyl,N-ethyl-N-methylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₂₋₆ alkenyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., diallylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl-thiocarbamoyl group (e.g., cyclopropylthiocarbamoyl,cyclohexylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-thiocarbamoyl group(e.g., phenylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., benzylthiocarbamoyl, phenethylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl-thiocarbamoyl group (e.g., acetylthiocarbamoyl,propionylthiocarbamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl-thiocarbamoylgroup (e.g., benzoylthiocarbamoyl) and a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylthiocarbamoyl group (e.g., pyridylthiocarbamoyl).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedsulfamoyl group” include a sulfamoyl group optionally having “1 or 2substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, aC₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbamoyl group, a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group and a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoylgroup, each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected fromSubstituent group A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted sulfamoyl groupinclude a sulfamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-sulfamoyl group(e.g., methylsulfamoyl, ethylsulfamoyl, dimethylsulfamoyl,diethylsulfamoyl, N-ethyl-N-methylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₂₋₆alkenyl-sulfamoyl group (e.g., diallylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl-sulfamoyl group (e.g., cyclopropylsulfamoyl,cyclohexylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-sulfamoyl group (e.g.,phenylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-sulfamoyl group (e.g.,benzylsulfamoyl, phenethylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-sulfamoyl group (e.g., acetylsulfamoyl,propionylsulfamoyl), a mono- or di-C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl-sulfamoyl group(e.g., benzoylsulfamoyl) and a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylsulfamoyl group (e.g., pyridylsulfamoyl).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedhydroxy group” include a hydroxyl group optionally having “a substituentselected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, a C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, a C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group, a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbonyl group, a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyl group, a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbamoyl group, a mono- ordi-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, a mono- or di-C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbamoylgroup, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group and a C₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyl group, eachof which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected from Substituentgroup A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted hydroxy group includea hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyloxy group (e.g.,allyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 2-pentenyloxy, 3-hexenyloxy), a C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyloxy group (e.g., cyclohexyloxy), a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g.,phenoxy, naphthyloxy), a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyloxy group (e.g., benzyloxy,phenethyloxy), a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyloxy group (e.g., acetyloxy,propionyloxy, butyryloxy, isobutyryloxy, pivaloyloxy), a C₆₋₁₄aryl-carbonyloxy group (e.g., benzoyloxy), a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl-carbonyloxygroup (e.g., benzylcarbonyloxy), a 5- to 14-membered aromaticheterocyclylcarbonyloxy group (e.g., nicotinoyloxy), a 3- to 14-memberednon-aromatic heterocyclylcarbonyloxy group (e.g.,piperidinylcarbonyloxy), a C₁₋₆ alkoxy-carbonyloxy group (e.g.,tert-butoxycarbonyloxy), a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclyloxygroup (e.g., pyridyloxy), a carbamoyloxy group, a C₁₋₆alkyl-carbamoyloxy group (e.g., methylcarbamoyloxy), a C₇₋₁₆aralkyl-carbamoyloxy group (e.g., benzylcarbamoyloxy), a C₁₋₆alkylsulfonyloxy group (e.g., methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy) and aC₆₋₁₄ arylsulfonyloxy group (e.g., phenylsulfonyloxy).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedsulfanyl group” include a sulfanyl group optionally having “asubstituent selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group, aC₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonyl group and a 5- to14-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, each of which optionally has 1to 3 substituents selected from Substituent group A” and a halogenatedsulfanyl group.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted sulfanyl group includea sulfanyl (—SH) group, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group, a C₂₋₆ alkenylthio group(e.g., allylthio, 2-butenylthio, 2-pentenylthio, 3-hexenylthio), a C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylthio group (e.g., cyclohexylthio), a C₆₋₁₄ arylthio group(e.g., phenylthio, naphthylthio), a C₁₋₁₆ aralkylthio group (e.g.,benzylthio, phenethylthio), a C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonylthio group (e.g.,acetylthio, propionylthio, butyrylthio, isobutyrylthio, pivaloylthio), aC₆₋₁₄ aryl-carbonylthio group (e.g., benzoylthio), a 5- to 14-memberedaromatic heterocyclylthio group (e.g., pyridylthio) and a halogenatedthio group (e.g., pentafluorothio).

In the present specification, examples of the “optionally substitutedsilyl group” include a silyl group optionally having “1 to 3substituents selected from a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group, aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group and a C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl group,each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected fromSubstituent group A”.

Preferable examples of the optionally substituted silyl group include atri-C₁₋₆ alkylsilyl group (e.g., trimethylsilyl,tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl).

In the present specification, examples of the “C₁₋₆ alkylene group”include —CH₂—, —(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₅—, —(CH₂)₆—,—CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)—, —CH(C₃H₇)—, —CH(CH(CH₃)₂)—,—(CH(CH₃))₂—, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, —CH(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—C(CH₃)₂—,—C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—C(CH₃)₂— and —C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₂₋₆ alkenylene group”include —CH═CH—, —CH₂—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—CH₂—, —C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—,—CH═CH—C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—CH₂—CH₂—,—CH═CH—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₂₋₆ alkynylene group”include —C≡C—, —CH₂—C≡C—, —C≡C—CH₂—, —C(CH₃)₂—C≡C—, —C≡C—C(CH₃)₂—,—CH₂—C≡C—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—C≡C—, —C≡C—CH₂—CH₂—, —C≡C—C≡C—,—C≡C—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—C≡C—.

In the present specification, examples of the “hydrocarbon ring” includea C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring, C₃₋₁₀ in cycloalkane and C₃₋₁₀cycloalkene.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₆₋₁₄ aromatichydrocarbon ring” include benzene and naphthalene.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkane”include cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane,cycloheptane and cyclooctane.

In the present specification, examples of the “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkene”include cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene,cycloheptene and cyclooctene.

In the present specification, examples of the “heterocycle” include anaromatic heterocycle and a non-aromatic heterocycle, each containing, asa ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, 1 to 4 hetero atomsselected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom.

In the present specification, examples of the “aromatic heterocycle”include a 5- to 14-membered (preferably 5- to 10-membered) aromaticheterocycle containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom,1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and anoxygen atom. Preferable examples of the “aromatic heterocycle” include5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycles such as thiophene,furan, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole,isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, 1,2,4-oxadiazole,1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazole,tetrazole, triazine and the like; and 8- to 14-membered fused polycyclic(preferably bi or tricyclic) aromatic heterocycles such asbenzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole,benzothiazole, benzisothiazole, benzotriazole, imidazopyridine,thienopyridine, furopyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrazolopyridine,oxazolopyridine, thiazolopyridine, imidazopyrazine, imidazopyrimidine,thienopyrimidine, furopyrimidine, pyrrolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine,oxazolopyrimidine, thiazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine,pyrazolotriazine, naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene, phenoxathiin, indole,isoindole, 1H-indazole, purine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine,naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, carbazole,β-carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine,phenoxazine and the like.

In the present specification, examples of the “non-aromatic heterocycle”include a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered) non-aromaticheterocycle containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom,1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and anoxygen atom. Preferable examples of the “non-aromatic heterocycle”include 3- to 8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocycles such asaziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane,tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrofuran, pyrroline, pyrrolidine,imidazoline, imidazolidine, oxazoline, oxazolidine, pyrazoline,pyrazolidine, thiazoline, thiazolidine, tetrahydroisothiazole,tetrahydrooxazole, tetrahydroisoxazole, piperidine, piperazine,tetrahydropyridine, dihydropyridine, dihydrothiopyran,tetrahydropyrimidine, tetrahydropyridazine, dihydropyran,tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, morpholine, thiomorpholine,azepane, diazepane, azepine, azocane, diazocane, oxepane and the like;and

9- to 14-membered fused polycyclic (preferably bi or tricyclic)non-aromatic heterocycles such as dihydrobenzofuran,dihydrobenzimidazole, dihydrobenzoxazole, dihydrobenzothiazole,dihydrobenzisothiazole, dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]thiophene,tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, 4H-quinolizine, indoline,isoindoline, tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine, tetrahydrobenzazepine,tetrahydroquinoxaline, tetrahydrophenanthridine, hexahydrophenothiazine,hexahydrophenoxazine, tetrahydrophthalazine, tetrahydronaphthyridine,tetrahydroquinazoline, tetrahydrocinnoline, tetrahydrocarbazole,tetrahydro-β-carboline, tetrahydroacridine, tetrahydrophenazine,tetrahydrothioxanthene, octahydroisoquinoline and the like.

In the present specification, examples of the “nitrogen-containingheterocycle” include a “heterocycle” containing at least one nitrogenatom as a ring-constituting atom.

The definition of each symbol in the formula (I) is explained in detailin the following.

X is CH or N.

X is preferably CH.

R¹ is an optionally substituted aromatic ring.

Examples of the “aromatic ring” of the “optionally substituted aromaticring” represented by R¹ include a C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring and anaromatic heterocycle.

The “aromatic ring” of the “optionally substituted aromatic ring”represented by R¹ is optionally further substituted by substituent(s)selected from the above-mentioned Substituent Group A at substitutableposition(s). The number of the substituents is, for example, 1 to 3.When the number of the substituents is 2 or more, the respectivesubstituents may be the same or different. In addition, the SubstituentGroup A is optionally further substituted by substituent(s) selectedfrom Substituent Group A. The number of the substituents is, forexample, 1 to 3. When the number of the substituents is 2 or more, therespective substituents may be the same or different.

R¹ is preferably an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbonring (preferably benzene, naphthalene) or an optionally substitutedaromatic heterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromaticheterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole)).

R¹ is more preferably a C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring (preferablybenzene, naphthalene) or an aromatic heterocycle (preferably a 5- to6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole,pyrazole)), each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from

-   -   (a) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom),    -   (b) a cyano group,    -   (c) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl),    -   (d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted        by 1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom), and        -   (ii) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)            non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to            8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g.,            tetrahydrofuryl)),    -   (e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy),    -   (f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methylsulfonyl), and    -   (g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl)amino group (e.g.,        N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino).

In another embodiment, R¹ is more preferably a C₆₋₁₄ aromatichydrocarbon ring (preferably benzene, naphthalene) or an aromaticheterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromaticheterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole)), each of which isoptionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from

-   -   (a) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom),    -   (b) a cyano group,    -   (c) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) optionally substituted by        1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,            dimethylcarbamoyl), and        -   (ii) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom),    -   (d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted        by 1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom), and        -   (ii) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)            non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to            8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g.,            tetrahydrofuryl)),    -   (e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy),    -   (f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methylsulfonyl),    -   (g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl)amino group (e.g.,        N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino),    -   (h) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,        dimethylcarbamoyl),    -   (i) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group (e.g., phenyl), and    -   (j) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)        non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to 8-membered        monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g., pyrrolidinyl))        optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups.

R¹ is further more preferably benzene or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclicaromatic heterocycle (e.g., pyridine), each of which is optionallysubstituted by 1 to 3 C₁₋₆ alkoxy groups (e.g., methoxy).

R¹ is still more preferably benzene.

R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent.

R² and R³ are preferably independently a hydrogen atom or an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

R² and R³ are more preferably independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

Further more preferably, one of R² and R³ is a hydrogen atom, and theother is a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

In another embodiment, R² and R³ are preferably independently a hydrogenatom, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) or anoptionally substituted carbamoyl group.

In this embodiment, R² and R³ are more preferably independently

(1) a hydrogen atom,(2) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from

-   -   (a) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy),    -   (b) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,        dimethylcarbamoyl), and    -   (c) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)        non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to 8-membered        monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g., pyrrolidinyl))        optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups, or        (3) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,        dimethylcarbamoyl).

In this embodiment, R² and R³ are further more preferably independentlya hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

In this embodiment, still more preferably, one of R² and R³ is ahydrogen atom, and the other is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group(e.g., methyl).

R⁴ and R⁵ are preferably independently a hydrogen atom or an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

R⁴ and R⁵ are more preferably independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

R⁴ and R⁵ are further more preferably both hydrogen atoms.

Preferable examples of compound (I) include the following compounds.

[Compound A-1]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring(preferably benzene, naphthalene) or an optionally substituted aromaticheterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromaticheterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole));R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl); andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

[Compound B-1]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is a C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring (preferably benzene,naphthalene) or an aromatic heterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-memberedmonocyclic aromatic heterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole)),each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selectedfrom

-   -   (a) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom),    -   (b) a cyano group,    -   (c) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl),    -   (d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted        by 1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom), and        -   (ii) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)            non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to            8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g.,            tetrahydrofuryl)),    -   (e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy),    -   (f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methylsulfonyl), and    -   (g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl)amino group (e.g.,        N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino);        R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl        group (e.g., methyl); and        R⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

[Compound C-1]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is benzene or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle(e.g., pyridine), each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C₁₋₆alkoxy groups (e.g., methoxy);R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g.,methyl); andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

[Compound D-1]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH;

R¹ is benzene;one of R² and R³ is a hydrogen atom, and the other is a C₁₋₆ alkyl group(e.g., methyl); andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

[Compound A-2]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring(preferably benzene, naphthalene) or an optionally substituted aromaticheterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromaticheterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole));R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom, an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) or an optionally substituted carbamoylgroup; andR⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl).

[Compound B-2]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is a C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring (preferably benzene,naphthalene) or an aromatic heterocycle (preferably a 5- to 6-memberedmonocyclic aromatic heterocycle (e.g., pyridine, thiazole, pyrazole)),each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selectedfrom

-   -   (a) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom),    -   (b) a cyano group,    -   (c) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) optionally substituted by        1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,            dimethylcarbamoyl), and        -   (ii) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom),    -   (d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted        by 1 to 3 substituents selected from        -   (i) a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine atom), and        -   (ii) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)            non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to            8-membered monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g.,            tetrahydrofuryl)),    -   (e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy),    -   (f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methylsulfonyl),    -   (g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl)amino group (e.g.,        N-methyl-N-methylsulfonylamino),    -   (h) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,        dimethylcarbamoyl),    -   (i) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group (e.g., phenyl), and    -   (j) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)        non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to 8-membered        monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g., pyrrolidinyl))        optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups;        R² and R³ are independently

(1) a hydrogen atom,

(2) a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g., methyl) optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from

-   -   (a) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy),    -   (b) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g.,        dimethylcarbamoyl), and    -   (c) a 3- to 14-membered (preferably 4- to 10-membered)        non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably a 3- to 8-membered        monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g., pyrrolidinyl))        optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups, or

(3) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group (e.g., dimethylcarbamoyl);and

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g.,methyl).

[Compound C-2]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is benzene or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle(e.g., pyridine), each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C₁₋₆alkoxy groups (e.g., methoxy);R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g.,methyl); andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

[Compound D-2]

Compound (I) wherein

X is CH or N;

R¹ is benzene;R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group (e.g.,methyl); andR⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms.

When compound (I) is in a form of a salt, examples thereof include metalsalts, an ammonium salt, salts with organic base, salts with inorganicacid, salts with organic acid, salts with basic or acidic amino acid,and the like. Preferable examples of the metal salt include alkali metalsalts such as sodium salt, potassium salt and the like; alkaline earthmetal salts such as calcium salt, magnesium salt, barium salt and thelike; an aluminum salt, and the like. Preferable examples of the saltwith organic base include salts with trimethylamine, triethylamine,pyridine, picoline, 2,6-lutidine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine and the like. Preferable examples of thesalt with inorganic acid include salts with hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and thelike. Preferable examples of the salt with organic acid include saltswith formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, phthalic acid,fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid,succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Preferable examples of the saltwith basic amino acid include salts with arginine, lysine, ornithine andthe like. Preferable examples of the salt with acidic amino acid includesalts with aspartic acid, glutamic acid and the like.

Among them, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is preferable. Forexample, when a compound has an acidic functional group, examplesthereof include inorganic salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g., sodiumsalt, potassium salt etc.), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calciumsalt, magnesium salt etc.) and the like, ammonium salt etc., and when acompound has a basic functional group, examples thereof include saltswith inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitricacid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and salts withorganic acid such as acetic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid, oxalicacid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid,methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid andthe like.

[Production Method]

The production method of the compound of the present invention isexplained in the followings.

The raw material compound and reagent used and the compound obtained ineach step in the following production method may be each in a form of asalt, and examples of such salt include those similar to the salts ofthe compound of the present invention and the like.

When the compound obtained in each step is a free form, it can beconverted to the objective salt according to a method known per se. Whenthe compound obtained in each step is a salt, it can be converted to theobjective free form or the other salt according to a method known perse.

The compound obtained in each step can be used directly as the reactionmixture or as a crude product for the next reaction. Alternatively, thecompound obtained in each step can be isolated and purified from areaction mixture according to a method known per se, for example, aseparation means such as concentration, crystallization,recrystallization, distillation, solvent extraction, fractionaldistillation, column chromatography and the like.

When the raw material compound and reagent used in each step arecommercially available, the commercially available product can also beused directly.

In the reaction in each step, while the reaction time varies dependingon the kind of the reagent and solvent to be used, it is generally 1min-48 hr, preferably 10 min-8 hr, unless otherwise specified.

In the reaction in each step, while the reaction temperature variesdepending on the kind of the reagent and solvent to be used, it isgenerally −78° C.-300° C., preferably −78° C.-150° C., unless otherwisespecified.

In the reaction in each step, while the pressure varies depending on thekind of the reagent and solvent to be used, it is generally 1 atm-20atm, preferably 1 atm-3 atm, unless otherwise specified.

Microwave synthesizer such as Initiator manufactured by Biotage and thelike may be used for the reaction in each step. While the reactiontemperature varies depending on the kind of the reagent and solvent tobe used, it is generally room temperature-300° C., preferably 50°C.-250° C., unless otherwise specified. While the reaction time variesdepending on the kind of the reagent and solvent to be used, it isgenerally 1 min-48 hr, preferably 1 min-8 hr, unless otherwisespecified.

In the reaction in each step, the reagent is used in an amount of 0.5equivalents-20 equivalents, preferably 0.8 equivalents-5 equivalents,relative to the substrate, unless otherwise specified. When the reagentis used as a catalyst, the reagent is used in an amount of 0.001equivalent-1 equivalent, preferably 0.01 equivalent-0.2 equivalent,relative to the substrate. When the reagent is used as a reactionsolvent, the reagent is used in a solvent amount.

Unless otherwise specified, the reaction in each step is carried outwithout solvent, or by dissolving or suspending the raw materialcompound in a suitable solvent. Examples of the solvent include thosedescribed in Examples and the following solvents.

alcohols: methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, 2-methoxyethanol andthe like;ethers: diethyl ether, diphenyl ether, tetrahydrofuran,1,2-dimethoxyethane and the like;aromatic hydrocarbons: chlorobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like;saturated hydrocarbons: cyclohexane, hexane and the like; amides:N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like;halogenated hydrocarbons: dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and thelike;nitriles: acetonitrile and the like;sulfoxides: dimethyl sulfoxide and the like;aromatic organic bases: pyridine and the like;anhydrides: acetic anhydride and the like;organic acids: formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and thelike;inorganic acids: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and the like; esters:ethyl acetate and the like;ketones: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and the like; water.

The above-mentioned solvent can be used in a mixture of two or morekinds thereof in an appropriate ratio.

When a base is used for the reaction in each step, examples thereofinclude those described in Examples and the following bases.

inorganic bases: sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodiumcarbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and the like;organic bases: triethylamine, diethylamine, pyridine,4-dimethylaminopyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline,1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene,imidazole, piperidine and the like;metal alkoxides: sodium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide and the like;alkali metal hydrides: sodium hydride and the like;metal amides: sodium amide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithiumhexamethyldisilazide and the like;organic lithiums: n-butyllithium and the like.

When an acid or an acid catalyst is used for the reaction in each step,examples thereof include those described in Examples and the followingacids and acid catalysts.

inorganic acids: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid and the like;organic acids: acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, 10-camphorsulfonic acid and the like;Lewis acid: boron trifluoride diethyl ether complex, zinc iodide,anhydrous aluminium chloride, anhydrous zinc chloride, anhydrous ironchloride and the like.

Unless otherwise specified, the reaction in each step is carried outaccording to a method known per se, for example, the method described inJikken Kagaku Kouza, 5th Edition, vol. 13-19 (the Chemical Society ofJapan ed.); Shin Jikken Kagaku Kouza, vol. 14-15 (the Chemical Societyof Japan ed.); Fine Organic Chemistry, Revised 2nd Edition (L. F.Tietze, Th. Eicher, Nankodo); Organic Name Reactions, the ReactionMechanism and Essence, Revised Edition (Hideo Togo, Kodansha); ORGANICSYNTHESES Collective Volume I-VII (John Wiley & Sons Inc); ModernOrganic Synthesis in the Laboratory A Collection of StandardExperimental Procedures (Jie Jack Li, OXFORD UNIVERSITY); ComprehensiveHeterocyclic Chemistry III, Vol. 1-Vol. 14 (Elsevier Japan); StrategicApplications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (translated byKiyoshi Tomioka, Kagakudojin); Comprehensive Organic Transformations(VCH Publishers Inc.), 1989, or the like, or the method described inExamples.

In each step, the protection or deprotection reaction of an functionalgroup is carried out according to a method known per se, for example,the method described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4thEd”, Wiley-Interscience, Inc., 2007 (Theodora W. Greene, Peter G. M.Wuts); “Protecting Groups 3rd Ed.” Thieme, 2004 (P. J. Kocienski), orthe like, or the method described in Examples.

Examples of the protected hydroxy group of an alcohol and a phenolinclude ether groups such as methoxymethyl ether, benzyl ether,t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl ether and the like;carboxylate groups such as acetate and the like; sulfonate groups suchas methanesulfonate and the like; carbonate groups such as t-butylcarbonate and the like, and the like.

Examples of the protected carbonyl group of an aldehyde include acetalgroups such as dimethyl acetal and the like; cyclic acetal groups suchas cyclic 1,3-dioxane and the like, and the like.

Examples of the protected carbonyl group of a ketone include ketalgroups such as dimethyl ketal and the like; cyclic ketal groups such ascyclic 1,3-dioxane and the like; oxime groups such as O-methyloxime andthe like; hydrazone groups such as N,N-dimethylhydrazone and the like,and the like.

Examples of the protected carboxyl group include ester groups such asmethyl ester and the like; amido groups such as N,N-dimethylamide andthe like, and the like.

Examples of the protected thiol group include ether groups such asbenzylthio ether and the like; ester groups such as thioacetate,thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate and the like, and the like.

Examples of the protected amino group and aromatic heterocycle (e.g.,imidazole, pyrrole, indole etc.) include carbamate groups such as benzylcarbamate and the like; amido groups such as acetamide and the like;alkyl amine groups such as N-triphenylmethylamine and the like;sulfonamido groups such as methanesulfonamide and the like, and thelike.

The protecting groups can be removed according to a method known per se,for example, by employing a method using acid, base, ultraviolet rays,hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate,tetrabutylammonium fluoride, palladium acetate, trialkylsilyl halide(e.g., trimethylsilyl iodide, trimethylsilyl bromide) and the like, areduction method, and the like.

When reduction reaction is carried out in each step, examples of thereducing agent to be used include metal hydrides such as lithiumaluminium hydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodiumcyanoborohydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H), sodiumborohydride, tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride and the like;boranes such as borane tetrahydrofuran complex and the like; Raneynickel; Raney cobalt; hydrogen; formic acid and the like. Whencarbon-carbon double bond or triple bond is reduced, a method using acatalyst such as palladium-carbon, Lindlar's catalyst and the like maybe employed.

When oxidation reaction is carried out in each step, examples of theoxidizing agent to be used include peroxides such as m-chloroperbenzoicacid (MCPBA), hydrogen peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide and the like;perchlorates such as tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and the like;chlorates such as sodium chlorate and the like; chlorites such as sodiumchlorite and the like; periodic acids such as sodium periodate and thelike; hypervalent iodine reagents such as iodosylbenzene and the like;reagents containing manganese such as manganese dioxide, potassiumpermanganate and the like; leads such as lead tetraacetate and the like;reagents containing chromium such as pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC),pyridinium dichromate (PDC), Jones reagent and the like; halogencompounds such as N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and the like; oxygen; ozone;sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex; osmium tetroxide; selenium dioxide;2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and the like.

When radical cyclization reaction is carried out in each step, examplesof the radical initiator to be used include azo compounds such asazobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and the like; water-soluble radicalinitiators such as 4-4′-azobis-4-cyanopentanoic acid (ACPA) and thelike; triethylboron in the presence of air or oxygen; benzoyl peroxideand the like. Examples of the radical reagent to be used includetributylstannane, tristrimethylsilylsilane, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenyldisilane,diphenylsilane, samarium iodide and the like.

When Wittig reaction is carried out in each step, examples of the Wittigreagent to be used include alkylidene phosphoranes and the like. Thealkylidene phosphoranes can be prepared according to a method known perse, for example, by reacting a phosphonium salt with a strong base.

When Horner-Emmons reaction is carried out in each step, examples of thereagent to be used include phosphonoacetates such as methyldimethylphosphonoacetate, ethyl diethylphosphonoacetate and the like;and bases such as alkali metal hydrides, organic lithiums and the like.

When Friedel-Crafts reaction is carried out in each step, examples ofthe reagent to be used include a combination of a Lewis acid and an acidchloride or a combination of a Lewis acid and an alkylating agent (e.g.,an alkyl halide, an alcohol, an olefin etc.). Alternatively, an organicacid or an inorganic acid can also be used instead of a Lewis acid, andan anhydride such as acetic anhydride and the like can also be usedinstead of an acid chloride.

When aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction is carried out in eachstep, examples of the reagent to be used include a nucleophile (e.g., anamine, imidazole etc.) and a base (e.g., an organic base etc.).

When nucleophilic addition reaction by a carbo anion, nucleophilic1,4-addition reaction (Michael addition reaction) by a carbo anion ornucleophilic displacement reaction by a carbo anion is carried out ineach step, examples of the base to be used for generation of the carboanion include organic lithiums, metal alkoxides, inorganic bases,organic bases and the like.

When Grignard reagent is carried out in each step, examples of theGrignard reagent to be used include arylmagnesium halides such asphenylmagnesium bromide and the like; and alkylmagnesium halides such asmethylmagnesium bromide and the like. The Grignard reagent can beprepared according to a method known per se, for example, by reacting analkyl halide or an aryl halide with a metal magnesium in an ether ortetrahydrofuran as a solvent.

When Knoevenagel condensation reaction is carried out in each step, acompound having an activated methylene group with two electronwithdrawing groups (e.g., malonic acid, diethyl malonate, malononitrileetc.) and a base (e.g., an organic base, a metal alkoxide, an inorganicbase) are used as a reagent.

When Vilsmeier-Haack reaction is carried out in each step, phosphorylchloride and an amide derivative (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide etc.) areused as a reagent.

When azidation reaction of an alcohol, an alkyl halide or a sulfonate iscarried out in each step, examples of the azidating agent to be usedinclude diphenylphosphorylazide (DPPA), trimethylsilylazide, sodiumazide and the like. For example, for the azidation reaction of analcohol, a method using diphenylphosphorylazide and1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), a method usingtrimethylsilylazide and a Lewis acid, and the like are employed.

When reductive amination reaction is carried out in each step, examplesof the reducing agent to be used include sodium triacetoxyborohydride,sodium cyanoborohydride, hydrogen, formic acid and the like. When thesubstrate is an amine compound, examples of the carbonyl compound to beused include paraformaldehyde, aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and thelike, and ketones such as cyclohexanone and the like. When the substrateis a carbonyl compound, examples of the amine to be used includeammonia, primary amines such as methylamine and the like; secondaryamines such as dimethylamine and the like, and the like.

When Mitsunobu reaction is carried out in each step, an azodicarboxylate(e.g., diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl azodicarboxylate(DIAD) etc.) and triphenylphosphine are used as a reagent.

When esterification reaction, amidation reaction or ureation reaction iscarried out in each step, examples of the reagent to be used includeacyl halides such as acid chlorides, acid bromides and the like;activated carboxylic acids such as anhydrides, activated esters,sulfates and the like. Examples of the activating agent of thecarboxylic acid include carbodiimide condensing agents such as1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (WSCD) andthe like; triazine condensing agents such as4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloriden-hydrate (DMT-MM) and the like; carbonate condensing agents such as1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and the like; diphenylphosphoryl azide(DPPA); benzotriazol-1-yloxy-trisdimethylaminophosphonium salt (BOPreagent); 2-chloro-1-methyl-pyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent);thionyl chloride; lower alkyl haloformates such as ethyl chloroformateand the like; O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphorate (HATU); sulfuric acid; combinations thereof andthe like. When carbodiimide condensing agent is used, an additive suchas 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), N-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu),dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and the like may be added to the reactionsystem.

When coupling reaction is carried out in each step, examples of themetal catalyst to be used include palladium compounds such aspalladium(II) acetate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0),dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II),dichlorobis(triethylphosphine)palladium(II),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) acetate and the like;nickel compounds such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0) and thelike; rhodium compounds such as tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(III)chloride and the like; cobalt compounds; copper compounds such as copperoxide, copper(I) iodide and the like; platinum compounds and the like.In addition, a base can be added to the reaction system, and examplesthereof include inorganic bases and the like.

When thiocarbonylation reaction is carried out in each step, phosphoruspentasulfide is typically used as the thiocarbonylating agent.Alternatively, a reagent having a1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide structure (e.g.,2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(Lawesson reagent) etc.) can also be used instead of phosphoruspentasulfide.

When Wohl-Ziegler reaction is carried out in each step, examples of thehalogenating agent to be used include N-iodosuccinimide,N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), bromine, sulfurylchloride and the like. In addition, the reaction can be accelerated bysubjecting a radical initiator such as heat, light, benzoyl peroxide,azobisisobutyronitrile and the like to the reaction system reaction.

When halogenation reaction of a hydroxy group is carried out in eachstep, examples of the halogenating agent to be used include hydrohalicacids and acid halides of inorganic acids, specifically, hydrochloricacid, thionyl chloride, phosphorus oxychloride and the like forchlorination, 48% hydrobromic acid and the like for bromination. Inaddition, a method of producing an alkyl halide by reacting an alcoholwith triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride or carbon tetrabromideor the like can be employed. Alternatively, a method of producing analkyl halide via two step comprising converting an alcohol to thecorresponding sulfonate, and then reacting the sulfonate with lithiumbromide, lithium chloride or sodium iodide can also be employed.

When Arbuzov reaction is carried out in each step, examples of thereagent to be used include alkyl halides such as ethyl bromoacetate andthe like; and phosphites such as triethyl phosphite, tri(isopropyl)phosphite and the like.

When sulfonate esterification reaction is carried out in each step,examples of the sulfonating agent to be used include methanesulfonylchloride, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonic anhydride,p-toluenesulfonic anhydride and the like.

When hydrolysis reaction is carried out in each step, an acid or a baseis used as a reagent. For acid hydrolysis reaction of t-butyl ester,formic acid, triethylsilane and the like may be added toreductively-trap t-butyl cation which is by-produced.

When dehydration reaction is carried out in each step, examples of thedehydrating agent to be used include sulfuric acid, diphosphoruspentaoxide, phosphorus oxychloride, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide,alumina, polyphosphoric acid and the like.

Compound (I) can be produced from compound (II) according to thefollowing method.

wherein R⁶ is a methyl group or an ethyl group, and the other symbolsare as defined above.

Compound (I) can be produced by subjecting compound (VI) to acyclization reaction with compound (VII) using a base. Examples of thebase to be used include diisopropylethylamine and the like. The reactionfor production of compound (IX) from compound (VIII), and the reactionfor production of compound (XI) from compound (X) are also carried outin the same manner as in this reaction.

Compound (VI) can be produced by subjecting compound (V) to theWohl-Ziegler reaction. The reaction for production of compound (VIII)from compound (II) and the reaction for production of compound (X) fromcompound (III) are also carried out in the same manner as in thisreaction.

Compound (V) can be produced by reacting compound (III) with ahydroxylamine reagent, and then reacting the obtained compound (IV) withtrifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). As the hydroxylamine reagent, 50%aqueous hydroxylamine solution, hydroxylamine hydrochloride or the likecan be used. The reaction for production of compound (XII) from compound(XI), followed by the reaction for production of compound (I) are alsocarried out in the same manner as in these reactions.

Compound (III) can be produced by subjecting compound (II) to acyanation reaction using a cyanating reagent. Examples of the cyanationreagent include a combination of zinc(II) cyanide and1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II) chloride, andcopper(I) cyanide.

The reaction for production of compound (XI) from compound (IX) are alsocarried out in the same manner as in this reaction.

Compound (II), compound (VII) and the other raw materials may becommercially available products, or can be produced according to amethod known per se or a method analogous thereto.

When compound (I) has an optical isomer, a stereoisomer, a regioisomeror a rotamer, these are also encompassed in compound (I), and can beobtained as a single product according to a synthesis method andseparation method known per se (e.g., concentration, solvent extraction,column chromatography, recrystallization etc.). For example, whencompound (I) has an optical isomer, the optical isomer resolved from thecompound is also encompassed in compound (I).

The optical isomer can be produced according to a method known per se.Specifically, the optical isomer is obtained using an optically activesynthetic intermediate or by subjecting the racemic final product to anoptical resolution according to a known method.

The optical resolution may be a method known per se, such as afractional recrystallization method, a chiral column method, adiastereomer method etc.

1) Fractional Recrystallized Method

A method wherein a salt of a racemate with an optically active compound(e.g., (+)-mandelic acid, (−)-mandelic acid, (+)-tartaric acid,(−)-tartaric acid, (+)-1-phenethylamine, (−)-1-phenethylamine,cinchonine, (−)-cinchonidine, brucine etc.) is formed, which isseparated by a fractional recrystallized method, and if desired, aneutralization step to give a free optical isomer.

2) Chiral Column Method

A method wherein a racemate or a salt thereof is applied to a column (achiral column) for separation of an optical isomer to allow separation.In the case of a liquid chromatography, for example, a mixture of theoptical isomers is applied to a chiral column such as ENANTIO-OVM(manufactured by Tosoh Corporation), CHIRAL series (manufactured byDaicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and the like, and developed withwater, various buffers (e.g., phosphate buffer, etc.) and organicsolvents (e.g., ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, acetonitrile,trifluoroacetic acid, diethylamine, etc.) as an eluent, solely or inadmixture to separate the optical isomer. In the case of a gaschromatography, for example, a chiral column such as CP-Chirasil-DeX CB(manufactured by GL Sciences Inc.) and the like is used to allowseparation.

3) Diastereomer Method

A method wherein a racemic mixture is prepared into a diastereomericmixture by chemical reaction with an optically active reagent, which ismade into a single substance by a typical separation means (e.g., afractional recrystallized method, a chromatography method etc.) and thelike, and is subjected to a chemical treatment such as hydrolysis andthe like to separate an optically active reagent moiety, whereby anoptical isomer is obtained. For example, when compound (I) containshydroxy or primary or secondary amino in a molecule, the compound and anoptically active organic acid (e.g., MTPA[α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid], (−)-menthoxyaceticacid etc.) and the like are subjected to condensation reaction to givediastereomers of the ester compound or the amide compound, respectively.When compound (I) has a carboxy group, the compound and an opticallyactive amine or an optically active alcohol reagent are subjected tocondensation reaction to give diastereomers of the amide compound or theester compound, respectively. The separated diastereomer is converted toan optical isomer of the original compound by acid hydrolysis or basehydrolysis.

Compound (I) may be a crystal.

The crystal of compound (I) can be produced according to acrystallization method known per se.

Examples of the crystallization method include crystallization methodfrom a solution, crystallization method from vapor, crystallizationmethod from a melt, and the like.

The “crystallization method from a solution” is typically a method ofshifting a non-saturated state to supersaturated state by varyingfactors involved in solubility of compounds (solvent composition, pH,temperature, ionic strength, redox state, etc.) or the amount ofsolvent. Specific examples thereof include a concentration method, aslow cooling method, a reaction method (a diffusion method, anelectrolysis method), a hydrothermal growth method, a flux method andthe like. Examples of the solvent to be used include aromatichydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.), halogenatedhydrocarbons (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, etc.), saturatedhydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, etc.), ethers (e.g.,diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, etc.),nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, etc.), ketones (e.g., acetone, etc.),sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.), acid amides (e.g.,N,N-dimethylformamide, etc.), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, etc.),alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, etc.), water and thelike. These solvents are used alone or in a combination of two or moreat a suitable ratio (e.g., 1:1 to 1:100 (a volume ratio)). Wherenecessary, a seed crystal can be used.

The “crystallization method from vapor” is, for example, a vaporizationmethod (a sealed tube method, a gas stream method), a gas phase reactionmethod, a chemical transportation method and the like.

The “crystallization method from a melt” is, for example, a normalfreezing method (a pulling method, a temperature gradient method, aBridgman method), a zone melting method (a zone leveling method, afloating zone method), a special growth method (a VLS method, a liquidphase epitaxy method) and the like.

Preferable examples of the crystallization method include a methodcomprising dissolving compound (I) in a suitable solvent (e.g., alcoholssuch as methanol, ethanol etc.) at 20° C. to 120° C., and cooling theobtained solution to a temperature (e.g., 0 to 50° C., preferably 0 to20° C.) not higher than the dissolution temperature, and the like.

The thus-obtained crystals of the present invention can be isolated, forexample, by filtration and the like. An analysis method of the obtainedcrystal is generally a method of crystal analysis by powder X-raydiffraction. As a method of determining crystal orientation, amechanical method or an optical method and the like can also be used.

The crystal of compound (I) obtained by the above-mentioned productionmethod may have high purity, high quality, and low hygroscopicity, maynot be denatured even after a long-term preservation under generalconditions, and may be expected to be superior in the stability. Inaddition, it may be also superior in the biological properties (e.g.,pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion),efficacy expression etc.) and may be extremely useful as a medicament.

The prodrug of compound (I) means a compound which is converted tocompound (I) with a reaction due to an enzyme, gastric acid and the likeunder the physiological condition in the living body, that is, acompound which is converted to compound (I) by enzymatic oxidation,reduction, hydrolysis and the like; a compound which is converted tocompound (I) by hydrolysis and the like due to gastric acid, and thelike. Examples of the prodrug for compound (I) include a compoundobtained by subjecting an amino group in compound (I) to acylation,alkylation or phosphorylation (e.g., a compound obtained by subjectingan amino group in compound (I) to eicosanoylation, alanylation,pentylaminocarbonylation,(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methoxycarbonylation,tetrahydrofurylation, pyrrolidylmethylation, pivaloyloxymethylation,tert-butylation, and the like); a compound obtained by subjecting ahydroxy group in compound (I) to acylation, alkylation, phosphorylationor boration (e.g., a compound obtained by subjecting a hydroxy group incompound (I) to acetylation, palmitoylation, propanoylation,pivaloylation, succinylation, fumarylation, alanylation ordimethylaminomethylcarbonylation, and the like); a compound obtained bysubjecting a carboxyl group in compound (I) to esterification oramidation (e.g., a compound obtained by subjecting a carboxyl group incompound (I) to ethyl esterification, phenyl esterification,carboxymethyl esterification, dimethylaminomethyl esterification,pivaloyloxymethyl esterification, ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl esterification,phthalidyl esterification, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methylesterification, cyclohexyloxycarbonylethyl esterification ormethylamidation, and the like) and the like. These compounds can beproduced from compound (I) according to a method known per se.

The prodrug of compound (I) may also be one which is converted tocompound (I) under physiological conditions as described in “IYAKUHIN noKAIHATSU (Development of Pharmaceuticals)”, Vol. 7, Design of Molecules,p. 163-198, Published by HIROKAWA SHOTEN (1990).

In the present specification, compound (I) and the prodrug of compound(I) are sometimes collectively abbreviated as “the compound of thepresent invention”.

Compound (I) may be a hydrate, a non-hydrate, a solvate or anon-solvate.

In addition, compound (I) may be a compound labeled or substituted withan isotope (e.g., ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I and the like) and thelike. The compound labeled or substituted with an isotope may be used,for example, as a tracer (PET tracer) used in positron emissiontomography (PET), and useful in the field of medical diagnosis and thelike.

Compound (I) also encompasses a deuterium conversion form wherein ¹H isconverted to ²H(D).

Compound (I) also encompasses a tautomer thereof.

Compound (I) may be a pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystal or a saltthereof. The cocrystal or a salt thereof means a crystalline substanceconstituted with two or more special solids at room temperature, eachhaving different physical properties (e.g., structure, melting point,melting heat, hygroscopicity, solubility and stability etc.). Thecocrystal or a salt thereof can be produced according to acocrystallization a method known per se.

Compound (I) may also be used as a PET tracer.

Since the compound of the present invention has a superior HDACinhibitory action, preferably class II HDAC inhibitory action, morepreferably HDAC6 inhibitory action, it may be also useful as safemedicaments based on such action.

For example, the medicament of the present invention containing thecompound of the present invention may be expected to show low toxicity(e.g., acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, genetic toxicity, reproductivetoxicity, cardiotoxicity, carcinogenicity), and used for a mammal (e.g.,mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, bovine, sheep, monkey, humanetc.) as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for HDAC-associateddiseases, preferably class II HDAC-associated diseases, more preferablyHDAC6-associated diseases, more specifically, the diseases described in(1)-(7) below.

(1) inflammatory diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis, chronicpancreatitis, asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,inflammatory bone disease, inflammatory pulmonary disease, inflammatorybowel disease, celiac disease, hepatitis, systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome (SIRS), postoperative or posttraumatic inflammation, pneumonia,nephritis, meningitis, cystitis, pharyngolaryngitis, gastric mucosalinjury, meningitis, spondylitis, arthritis, dermatitis, chronicpneumonia, bronchitis, pulmonary infarction, silicosis, pulmonarysarcoidosis, diabetic nephropathy, uveitis, suppurative hidradenitisetc.),(2) autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitisetc.), Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease, multiple sclerosis,systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, discoid lupuserythematosus, Castleman's disease, ankylopoietic spondylarthritis,polymyositis, dermatomyositis (DM), polyarteritis nodosa (PN), mixedconnective tissue disease (MCTD), scleroderma, profundus lupuserythematosus, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmunegastritis, type I diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmuneneutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, chronicactive hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, graft versus host disease,Addison's disease, abnormal immunoresponse, arthritis, dermatitis,radiodermatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis etc.),(3) osteoarticular degenerative disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,osteoporosis, osteoarthritis etc.),(4) neoplastic diseases [e.g., malignant tumor, angiogenesis glaucoma,infantile hemangioma, multiple myeloma, chronic sarcoma, metastasismelanoma, Kaposi's sacroma, vascular proliferation, cachexia, metastasisof the breast cancer, cancer (e.g., colorectal cancer (e.g., familialcolorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,gastrointestinal stromal tumor etc.), lung cancer (e.g., non-small celllung cancer, small cell lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma etc.),mesothelioma, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic duct cancer etc.),gastric cancer (e.g., papillary adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma,adenosquamous carcinoma, etc.), breast cancer (e.g., invasive ductalcarcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, inflammatory breast cancer etc.),ovarian cancer (e.g., ovarian epithelial carcinoma, extragonadal germcell tumor, ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian low malignant potentialtumor etc.), prostate cancer (e.g., hormone-dependent prostate cancer,non-hormone dependent prostate cancer etc.), liver cancer (e.g., primaryliver cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer etc.), thyroid cancer (e.g.,medullary thyroid carcinoma etc.), kidney cancer (e.g., renal cellcarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma in kidney and urinary duct etc.),uterine cancer, brain tumor (e.g., pineal astrocytoma, pilocyticastrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma etc.),melanoma, sarcoma, urinary bladder cancer, hematologic cancer and thelike including multiple myeloma, hypophyseal adenoma, glioma, acousticneurinoma, retinoblastoma, pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, cancerof the tongue, thymoma, esophagus cancer, duodenal cancer, colorectalcancer, rectal cancer, hepatoma, pancreatic endocrine tumor, bile ductcancer, gallbladder cancer, penile cancer, urinary duct cancer, testistumor, vulvar cancer, cervix cancer, endometrial cancer, uterus sarcoma,cholionic disease, vaginal cancer, skin cancer, fungoid mycosis, basalcell tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease,myelodysplastic syndrome, adult T cell leukemia, chronic bone marrowproliferative disease, pancreatic endocrine tumor fibrous histiocytoma,leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, cancer of unknown primary), leukemia(e.g., acute leukemia (e.g., acute lymphatic leukemia, acute myelocyticleukemia etc.), chronic leukemia (e.g., chronic lymphatic leukemia,chronic myelocytic leukemia etc.), myelodysplastic syndrome), uterinesarcoma (e.g., mixed mesodermal tumor, uterine leiomyosarcoma,endometrial stromal tumor etc.), myelofibrosis etc.],(5) neurodegenerative diseases and/or central diseases(i) psychiatric diseases [e.g., depression, major depression, bipolardepression, dysthymic disorder, emotional disorder (seasonal affectivedisorder and the like), recurrent depression, postpartum depression,stress disorder, depression symptom, mania, anxiety, generalized anxietydisorder, anxiety syndrome, panic disorder, phobia, social phobia,social anxiety disorder, obsessive disorder, post-traumatic stresssyndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, Tourette syndrome, autism,autistic spectrum syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome,adjustment disorder, bipolar disorder, neurosis, schizophrenia (e.g.,positive symptom, negative symptom, cognitive symptom), cognitivedysfunction associated with schizophrenia, hronic fatigue syndrome,anxiety neurosis, compulsive neurosis, epilepsy, anxiety, anxious mentalstate, emotional abnormality, cyclothymia, nervous erethism, faint,addiction, low sex drive, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), psychotic major depression, refractory major depression,treatment-resistant depression, hereditary sastic paraplegia],(ii) neurodegenerative diseases [e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia ofAlzheimer type, Alzheimer-type senile dementia, Parkinson's disease,muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's disease associated with dementia,Huntington's disease, multi-infarct dementia, frontotemporal dementia,Parkinson's type dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick'ssyndrome, Niemann-Pick syndrome, corticobasal degeneration, Down'sdisease, vascular dementia, postencephalitic parkinsonism, Lewy bodydementia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, HIVdementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motor neurogenesisdisease (MND), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or prion disease, cerebralpalsy, multiple sclerosis, Riley-Day syndrome],(iii) age-related cognition memory disorders [e.g., age-related memorydisorders, senile dementia],(iv) sleep disorders [e.g., intrinsic sleep disorders (e.g.,psychophysiological insomnia and the like), extrinsic sleep disorder,circadian rhythm disorders (e.g., time zone change syndrome (jet lag),shift work sleep disorder, irregular sleep-wake pattern, delayed sleepphase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wakeand the like), parasomnia, sleep disorders associated with internalmedical or psychiatric disorder (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonarydiseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovasculardementia, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety neurosis), stress insomnia,insomnia, insomniac neurosis, sleep apnea syndrome],(v) respiratory depression caused by anesthetics, traumatic disease, orneurodegenerative disease and the like,(vi) traumatic brain injury, cerebral apoplexy, neurotic anorexia,eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, hyperorexia, other eating disorder,alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse, alcoholic amnesia, alcohol paranoia,alcohol preference, alcohol withdrawal, alcoholic insanity, alcoholpoisoning, alcoholic jealousy, alcoholic mania, alcohol-dependentpsychiatric disorder, alcoholic insanity, pharmacophilia,pharmacophobia, pharmacomania, drug withdrawal, migraine, stressheadache, catatonic headache, diabetic neuropathy, obesity, diabetes,muscular spasm, Meniere's disease, autonomic ataxia, alopecia, glaucoma,hypertension, cardiac disease, tachycardia, congestive cardiac failure,hyperventilation, bronchial asthma, apnea, sudden infant death syndrome,inflammatory disease, allergic disease, impotence, climacteric disorder,infertility, cancer, immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV infection,immunodeficiency syndrome caused by stress, cerebrospinal meningitis,acromegaly, incontinence, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, pepticulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerativecolitis, Crohn's disease, stress gastrointestinal disorder, stressvomiting, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, constipation, postoperative ileus,(vii) pain,(6) chronic heart failure or acute heart failure, acute decompensatedheart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis,valvular disease,(7) peripheral neuropathy and the like.

The medicament of the present invention may be preferably used as anagent for the prophylaxis or treatment of autoimmune disease,inflammatory disease, osteoarticular degenerative disease,neurodegenerative disease, central disease, neoplastic disease, orperipheral neuropathy, more preferably inflammatory bowel disease(inflammatory bowel disease) (preferably Crohn's disease or ulcerativecolitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, graft versushost disease, Alzheimer's disease (preferably dementia of Alzheimertype), schizophrenia, dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporaldementia, progressive supranuclea palsy, corticobasal degeneration),Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome,muscular dystrophy, Rett Syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, depression, hereditary sastic paraplegia,Riley-Day syndrome, Castleman's disease, leukemia, uterineleiomyosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, multiple myeloma,cachexia or myelofibrosis, chronic heart failure or acute heart failure,acute decompensated heart failure, ischemic heart disease,cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, valvular disease, peripheral neuropathy andthe like.

Here, the above-mentioned “prophylaxis” of a disease means, for example,administration of a medicament containing the compound of the presentinvention to patients who are expected to have a high risk of the onsetdue to some factor relating to the disease but have not developed thedisease or patients who have developed the disease but do not have asubjective symptom, or administration of a medicament containing thecompound of the present invention to patients who are feared to showrecurrence of the disease after treatment of the disease.

A medicament containing the compound of the present invention may besafely administered solely or by mixing with a pharmacologicallyacceptable carrier according to a method known per se (e.g., the methoddescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia etc.) as the production methodof a pharmaceutical preparation, and in the form of, for example, tablet(including sugar-coated tablet, film-coated tablet, sublingual tablet,orally disintegrating tablet, buccal etc.), pill, powder, granule,capsule (including soft capsule, microcapsule), troche, syrup, liquid,emulsion, suspension, release control preparation (e.g.,immediate-release preparation, sustained-release preparation,sustained-release microcapsule), aerosol, film (e.g., orallydisintegrating film, oral mucosa-adhesive film), injection (e.g.,subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection,intraperitoneal injection), drip infusion, transdermal absorption typepreparation, cream, ointment, lotion, adhesive preparation, suppository(e.g., rectal suppository, vaginal suppository), pellet, nasalpreparation, pulmonary preparation (inhalant), eye drop and the like,orally or parenterally (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous,intraorgan, intranasal, intradermal, instillation, intracerebral,intrarectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal and intratumoradministrations, administration to the vicinity of tumor and directadministration to the lesion).

The content of the compound of the present invention in the medicamentof the present invention is about 0.01 to 100% by weight of the entiremedicament. The dose may vary depending on administration subject,administration route, disease and the like. For example, for oraladministration to patients (body weight about 60 kg) with psoriasis,rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjogren's syndrome,Behcet's disease, multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus,about 0.01 mg/kg body weight-about 500 mg/kg body weight, preferablyabout 0.1 mg/kg body weight-about 50 mg/kg body weight, more preferablyabout 1 mg/kg body weight-about 30 mg/kg body weight of an activeingredient (compound (I)) may be administered once to several portionsper day.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which may be used for theproduction of the medicament of the present invention, may beexemplified by various organic or inorganic carrier materials that areconventionally used as preparation materials, for example, excipient,lubricant, binding agent and disintegrant for solid preparations; orsolvent, solubilizing agent, suspending agent, isotonic agent, bufferingagent, soothing agent and the like for liquid preparations. Furthermore,when necessary, ordinary additives such as preservative, antioxidant,colorant, sweetening agent, adsorbing agent, wetting agent and the likecan be also used as appropriate in an appropriate amount.

The dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention as asustained-release preparation varies depending on the kind and contentof compound (I), dosage form, period of sustained drug release, subjectanimal of administration (e.g., mammals such as mouse, rat, hamster,guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, bovine, horse, swine, sheep, monkey, humanetc.), and administration object. For example, for application byparenteral administration, about 0.1 to about 100 mg of compound (I)needs to be released from the administered preparation per 1 week.

Examples of the excipient include lactose, white sugar, D-mannitol,starch, corn starch, crystalline cellulose, light anhydrous silicic acidand the like.

Examples of the lubricant include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate,talc, colloidal silica and the like.

Examples of the binding agent include crystalline cellulose, whitesugar, D-mannitol, dextrin, hydroxypropylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose,gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium and the like.

Examples of the disintegrant include starch, carboxymethylcellulose,carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylstarch sodium,L-hydroxypropylcellulose and the like.

Examples of the solvent include water for injection, alcohol, propyleneglycol, Macrogol, sesame oil, corn oil, olive oil and the like.

Examples of the solubilizing agent include polyethylene glycol,propylene glycol, D-mannitol, benzyl benzoate, ethanol,trisaminomethane, cholesterol, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, sodiumcitrate and the like.

Examples of the suspending agent include surfactants such as stearyltriethanolamine, sodium lauryl sulfate, laurylaminopropionic acid,lecithin, benzalkonium chloride, benzetonium chloride, glycerinmonostearate and the like; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose sodium,methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose,hydroxypropylcellulose and the like; and the like.

Examples of the isotonic agent include glucose, D-sorbitol, sodiumchloride, glycerin, D-mannitol and the like.

Examples of the buffering agent include buffer solutions such asphosphates, acetates, carbonates, citrates and the like.

Examples of the soothing agent include benzyl alcohol and the like.

Examples of the preservative include parahydroxybenzoates,chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid,sorbic acid and the like.

Examples of the antioxidant include sulfites, ascorbic acid,α-tocopherol and the like.

For the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases, the compound ofthe present invention may also be used together with other medicaments.In the following, a medicament to be used when the compound of thepresent invention is used together with other drug is referred to as“the combination agent of the present invention”.

For example, when the compound of the present invention is used as aHDAC inhibitor, preferably a class II HDAC inhibitor, more preferably aHDAC6 inhibitor, it may be used together with the following drugs.

(1) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)

(i) Classical NSAIDs

alcofenac, aceclofenac, sulindac, tolmetin, etodolac, fenoprofen,thiaprofenic acid, meclofenamic acid, meloxicam, tenoxicam, lornoxicam,nabumeton, acetaminophen, phenacetin, ethenzamide, sulpyrine,antipyrine, migrenin, aspirin, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid,diclofenac sodium, ketophenylbutazone, loxoprofen sodium,phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen,oxaprozin, flurbiprofen, fenbufen, pranoprofen, floctafenine, piroxicam,tenoxicam, epirizole, tiaramide hydrochloride, zaltoprofen, gabexatemesylate, camostat mesylate, ulinastatin, colchicine, probenecid,sulfinpyrazone, bucolome, benzbromarone, allopurinol, sodiumaurothiomalate, hyaluronate sodium, sodium salicylate, salicylic acid,atropine, scopolamine, levorphanol, oxymorphone or a salt thereof andthe like.

(ii) cyclooxygenase inhibitor (COX-1 selective inhibitor, COX-2selective inhibitor etc.)

salicylic acid derivatives (e.g., celecoxib, aspirin), etoricoxib,valdecoxib, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, loxoprofen and the like.

(iii) nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs.(iv) JAK inhibitor

tofacitinib, ruxolitinib and the like.

(2) disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)(i) Gold preparation

auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate and the like.

(ii) penicillamine

D-penicillamine and the like.

(iii) aminosalicylic acid preparation

sulfasalazine, mesalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide and the like.

(iv) antimalarial drug

chloroquine and the like.

(v) pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor

leflunomide and the like.

(vi) prograf(3) anti-cytokine drug(I) protein drug(i) TNF inhibitor

etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab,PASSTNF-α, soluble TNF-α receptor, TNF-α binding protein, anti-TNF-αantibody and the like.

(ii) interleukin-1 inhibitor

anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist), soluble interleukin-1receptor and the like.

(iii) interleukin-6 inhibitor

tocilizumab (anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody), anti-interleukin-6antibody and the like.

(iv) interleukin-10 drug interleukin-10 and the like.(v) interleukin-12/23 inhibitor

ustekinumab, briakinumab (anti-interleukin-12/23 antibody) and the like.

(II) non-protein drug(i) MAPK inhibitor

BMS-582949 and the like.

(ii) gene modulator

inhibitor of molecule involved in signal transduction, such as NF-κ,NF-κB, IKK-1, IKK-2, AP-1 and the like, and the like.

(iii) cytokine production inhibitor

iguratimod, tetomilast and the like.

(iv) TNF-α converting enzyme inhibitor(v) interleukin-10 converting enzyme inhibitor

VX-765 and the like.

(vi) interleukin-6 antagonist

HMPL-004 and the like.

(vii) interleukin-8 inhibitor

IL-8 antagonist, CXCR1 & CXCR2 antagonist, reparixin and the like.

(viii) chemokine antagonist

CCR9 antagonist (CCX-282, CCX-025), MCP-1 antagonist and the like.

(ix) interleukin-2 receptor antagonist

Denileukin, diftitox and the like.

(x) therapeutic vaccines

TNF-α vaccine and the like.

(xi) gene therapy drug

gene therapy drugs aiming at promoting the expression of gene having ananti-inflammatory action such as interleukin-4, interleukin-10, solubleinterleukin-1 receptor, soluble TNF-α receptor and the like.

(xii) antisense compound

ISIS 104838 and the like.

(4) integrin inhibitor

natalizumab, vedolizumab, AJM300, TRK-170, E-6007 and the like.

(5) immunomodulator (immunosuppressant)

methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, MX-68, atiprimod dihydrochloride,BMS-188667, CKD-461, rimexolone, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, gusperimus,azathiopurine, antilymphocyte serum, freeze-dried sulfonated normalimmunoglobulin, erythropoietin, colony stimulating factor, interleukin,interferon and the like.

(6) steroid

dexamethasone, hexestrol, methimazole, betamethasone, triamcinolone,triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide,predonisolone, methylpredonisolone, cortisone acetate, hydrocortisone,fluorometholone, beclomethasone dipropionate, estriol, paramethasoneacetate, fludrocortisone acetate, clobetasol propionate, diflorasoneacetate, dexamethasone propionate, difluprednate, betamethasonedipropionate, budesonide, diflucortolone valerate, amcinonide,halcinonide, mometasone furoate, hydrocortisone butyrate propionate,flumetasone pivalate, clobetasone butyrate, dexametasone acetate and thelike.

(7) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

enalapril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril, cilazapril, perindopril andthe like.

(8) angiotensin II receptor antagonist

candesartan, candesartan cilexetil, azilsartan, azilsartan medoxomil,valsartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, eprosartan and the like.

(9) diuretic drug

hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, furosemide, indapamide,bendrofluazide, cyclopenthiazide and the like.

(10) cardiotonic drug

digoxin, dobutamine and the like.

(11) β receptor antagonist

carvedilol, metoprolol, atenolol and the like.

(12) Ca sensitizer

MCC-135 and the like.

(13) Ca channel antagonist

nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, lomerizine hydrochloride, amlodipinebesylate and the like.

(14) anti-platelet drug, anticoagulator

heparin, aspirin, warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxabanand the like.

(15) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

atorvastatin, simvastatin and the like.

(16) vasodilator

relaxin and the like.

(17) angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor

LCZ696 and the like.

(18) heart rate-lowering drug

ivabradine and the like.

(19) hypouricemic drug

probenecid, allopurinol, febuxostat and the like.

(20) anti-aldosterone drug

spironolactone, eplerenone and the like.

(21) renin inhibitor

aliskiren and the like.

(22) α-blocker

doxazosin and the like.

(23) oraladsorptive agent

kremezin and the like.

(24) therapeutic drug for hyperkalemia

calcicol and the like.

(25) therapeutic drug for hyperphosphatemia

sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate and the like.

(26) metabolic acidosis improving drug

sodium bicarbonate and the like.

(27) activity type vitamin(28) calcium receptor agonists

cinacalcet and the like.

(29) intravenous cardiotonic drug

h-ANP and the like.

(30) contraceptive(i) sex hormone or derivatives thereof

gestagen or a derivative thereof (progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate,norethisterone, norethisterone enanthate, norethindrone, norethindroneacetate, norethynodrel, levonorgestrel, norgestrel, ethynodioldiacetate, desogestrel, norgestimate, gestodene, progestin,etonogestrel, drospirenone, dienogest, trimegestone, nestorone,chlormadinone acetate, mifepristone, nomegestrol acetate, Org-30659,TX-525, EMM-310525) or a combination agent of a gestagen or a derivativethereof and an estrogen or a derivative thereof (estradiol, estradiolbenzoate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiolenanthate, estradiol hexahydrobenzoate, estradiol phenylpropionate,estradiol undecanoate, estradiol valerate, estrone, ethinylestradiol,mestranol) and the like.

(ii) antiestrogen

ormeloxifene, mifepristone, Org-33628 and the like.

(iii) spermatocide

ushercell and the like.

(31) others(i) T cell inhibitors(ii) inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor

mycophenolate mofetil and the like.

(iii) adhesion molecule inhibitor

ISIS-2302, selectin inhibitor, ELAM-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and the like.

(iv) thalidomide(v) cathepsin inhibitor(vi) matrix metalloprotease (MMPs) inhibitor

V-85546 and the like.

(vii) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor(viii) Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor(ix) phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV) inhibitor

roflumilast, CG-1088 and the like.

(x) phospholipase A₂ inhibitor(xi) iNOS inhibitor

VAS-203 and the like.

(xii) microtubule stimulating drug

paclitaxel, docetaxel hydrate and the like.

(xiii) microtuble inhibitor

reumacon and the like.

(xiv) MHC class II antagonist(xv) prostacyclin agonist

iloprost and the like.

(xvi) CD4 antagonist

zanolimumab and the like.

(xvii) CD23 antagonist(xviii) LTB4 receptor antagonist

DW-1305 and the like.

(xix) 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor

zileuton and the like.

(xx) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

donepezil hydrochloride, galanthamine, rivastigmine, neostigminebromide, pyridostigmine bromide, ambenonium chloride, edrophoniumchloride and the like.

(xxi) tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Tyk2 inhibitor (WO2010142752) and the like.

(xxii) cathepsin B inhibitor(xxiii) adenosine deaminase inhibitor

pentostatin and the like.

(xxiv) osteogenesis stimulator(xxv) dipeptidylpeptidase inhibitor(xxvi) collagen agonist(xxvii) capsaicin cream(xxviii) hyaluronic acid derivative

synvisc (hylan G-F 20), orthovisc and the like.

(xxix) glucosamine sulfate(xxx) amiprilose(xxxi) CD-20 inhibitor

rituximab, ibritumomab, tositumomab, ofatumumab and the like.

(xxxii) BAFF inhibitor

belimumab, tabalumab, atacicept, A-623 and the like.

(xxxiii) CD52 inhibitor

alemtuzumab and the like.

(xxxiv) IL-17 inhibitor

secukinumab (AIN-457), LY-2439821, AMG827 and the like.

(xxxv) PDE4 inhibitor

Roflumilast, Apremilast and the like.

(xxxvi) therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease

memantine and the like.

(xxxvii) therapeutic drug for Parkinson's disease

levodopa, droxidopa, amantadine hydrochloride, bromocriptine mesylate,trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, selegiline hydrochloride and the like.

(xxxviii) ALS therapeutic drug

riluzole, neurotrophic factor and the like.

(xxxix) therapeutic drug for insomnia

etizolam, zopiclone, triazolam, zolpidem, ramelteon, indiplon and thelike.

(xxxx) anti-ADHD drug

methylphenidate hydrochloride, methamphetamine hydrochloride and thelike.

Other concomitant drugs besides the above-mentioned include, forexample, antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiprotozoal agent,antibiotic, antitussive and expectorant drug, sedative, anesthetic,antiulcer drug, antiarrhythmic agent, hypotensive diuretic drug,anticoagulant, tranquilizer, antipsychotic, antitumor drug,hypolipidemic drug and therapeutic drug for arteriosclerosis, musclerelaxant, antiepileptic drug, antidepressant and therapeutic drug formanic psychosis, antiallergic drug, cardiac stimulants, therapeutic drugfor arrhythmia, vasodilator, vasoconstrictor, hypotensive diuretic,therapeutic drug for diabetes, anti-obesity drug, antinarcotic, vitamin,vitamin derivative, antiasthmatic, therapeutic agent forpollakisuria/anischuria, antipruritic drug, therapeutic agent for atopicdermatitis, therapeutic agent for allergic rhinitis, hypertensor,narcotic analgesic, non-narcotic analgesic, therapeutic drug for oculardisease, therapeutic drug for nausea and vomiting, therapeutic drug forcoprostasis and diarrhea, therapeutic drug for osteoporosis, therapeuticdrug for thyroid dysfunction, endotoxin-antagonist or -antibody, signaltransduction inhibitor, inhibitor of inflammatory mediator activity,antibody to inhibit inflammatory mediator activity, inhibitor ofanti-inflammatory mediator activity, antibody to inhibitanti-inflammatory mediator activity and the like. Specific examplesthereof include the following.

(1) Antibacterial agent(i) sulfa drug

sulfamethizole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine, salazosulfapyridine,silver sulfadiazine and the like.

(ii) quinolone antibacterial agent

nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid trihydrate, enoxacin, norfloxacin,ofloxacin, tosufloxacin tosylate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,lomefloxacin hydrochloride, sparfloxacin, fleroxacin and the like.

(iii) antiphthisic

isoniazid, ethambutol (ethambutol hydrochloride), p-aminosalicylic acid(calcium p-aminosalicylate), pyrazinamide, ethionamide, protionamide,rifampicin, streptomycin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, cycloserine and thelike.

(iv) antiacidfast bacterium drug

diaphenylsulfone, rifampicin and the like.

(v) antiviral drug

idoxuridine, acyclovir, vidarabine, gancyclovir, foscarnet sodium,influenza HA vaccine, zanamivir, oseltamivir phosphate, amantadinehydrochloride and the like.

(vi) anti-HIV agent

zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, indinavir sulfate ethanolate,ritonavir, lamivudine, abacavir sulfate, nevirapine, efavirenz,saquinavir mesylate, nelfinavir mesylate, amprenavir and the like.

(vii) antispirochetele(viii) antibiotic

tetracycline hydrochloride, ampicillin, piperacillin, gentamicin,dibekacin, kanendomycin, lividomycin, tobramycin, amikacin, fradiomycin,sisomicin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxycycline,ticarcillin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephaloridine, cefaclor,cephalexin, cefroxadine, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefotoam, cefuroxime,cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefuroxime axetil, cefdinir, cefditorenpivoxil, ceftazidime, cefpiramide, cefsulodin, cefmenoxime, cefpodoximeproxetil, cefpirome, cefozopran, cefepime, cefsulodin, cefmenoxime,cefmetazole, cefminox, cefoxitin, cefbuperazone, latamoxef, flomoxef,cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, moxalactam,thienamycin, sulfazecin, aztreonam or a salt thereof, griseofulvin,lankacidin-group [Journal of Antibiotics (J. Antibiotics), 38,877-885(1985)], azole compound[2-[(1R,2R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-4-[4-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-3(2H,4H)-1,2,4-triazolone,fluconazole, itraconazole and the like], ceftriaxone sodium, vancomycinhydrochloride, benzylpenicillin potassium, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin,amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim,erythromycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,imipenem-cilastatin sodium, ampicillin-cloxacillin, cefoxitin sodium,cefotetan sodium, clindamycin hydrochlorid, clarithromycin, netilmicinsulfate, sulbenicillin sodium, ampicillin sodium-sulbactam sodium,cefuroxime sodium, aztreonam and the like.

(2) antifungal agent(i) polyethylene antibiotic (e.g., amphotericin B, nystatin,trichomycin)(ii) griseofulvin, pyrrolnitrin and the like(iii) cytosine metabolism antagonist (e.g., flucytosine)(iv) imidazole derivative (e.g., econazole, clotrimazole, miconazolenitrate, bifonazole, croconazole)(v) triazole derivative (e.g., fluconazole, itraconazole)(vi) thiocarbamic acid derivative (e.g., trinaphthol) and the like.(3) antiprotozoal agent

metronidazole, tinidazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate, quininehydrochloride, quinine sulfate and the like.

(4) antitussive and expectorant drug

ephedrine hydrochloride, noscapine hydrochloride, codeine phosphate,dihydrocodeine phosphate, isoproterenol hydrochloride, methylephedrinehydrochloride, alloclamide, chlophedianol, picoperidamine, cloperastine,protokylol, isoproterenol, salbutamol, terbutaline, oxymetebanol,morphine hydrochloride, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, oxycodonehydrochloride, dimemorfan phosphate, tipepidine hibenzate, pentoxyverinecitrate, clofedanol hydrochloride, benzonatate, guaifenesin, bromhexinehydrochloride, ambroxol hydrochloride, acetylcysteine, ethyl cysteinehydrochloride, carbocysteine and the like.

(5) sedative

chlorpromazine hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, phenobarbital, barbital,amobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental sodium, thiamylal sodium,nitrazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, haloxazolam, triazolam,flunitrazepam, bromovalerylurea, chloral hydrate, triclofos sodium andthe like.

(6) anesthetic(6-1) local anesthetic

cocaine hydrochloride, procaine hydrochloride, lidocaine, dibucainehydrochloride, tetracaine hydrochloride, mepivacaine hydrochloride,bupivacaine hydrochloride, oxybuprocaine hydrochloride, ethylaminobenzoate, oxethazaine and the like.

(6-2) general anesthetic(i) inhalation anesthetic (e.g., ether, halothane, nitrous oxide,isoflurane, enflurane),(ii) intravenous anesthetic (e.g., ketamine hydrochloride, droperidol,thiopental sodium, thiamylal sodium, pentobarbital) and the like.(7) antiulcer drug

histidine hydrochloride, lansoprazole, metoclopramide, pirenzepine,cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, urogastrone, oxethazaine,proglumide, omeprazole, sucralfate, sulpiride, cetraxate, gefarnate,aldioxa, teprenone, prostaglandin, propantheline bromide, misoprostol,ornoprostil and the like.

(8) antiarrhythmic agent(i) sodium channel blocker (e.g., quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide,ajmaline, lidocaine, mexiletine, phenytoin, flecainide acetate,propafenone hydrochloride),(ii) β-blocker (e.g., propranolol, alprenolol, bufetolol hydrochloride,oxprenolol, atenolol, acebutolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, pindolol,carteolol, arotinolol hydrochloride),(iii) potassium channel blocker (e.g., amiodarone, sotalolhydrochloride),(iv) calcium channel blocker (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem),(v) nitrate (e.g., nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate) and the like.(9) hypotensive diuretic drug

hexamethonium bromide, clonidine hydrochloride, hydrochlorothiazide,trichlormethiazide, furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, mefruside,azosemide, spironolactone, potassium canrenoate, triamterene, amiloride,acetazolamide, D-mannitol, isosorbide, aminophylline, carperitide,torasemide and the like.

(10) anticoagulant

heparin sodium, sodium citrate, activated protein C, tissue factorpathway inhibitor, antithrombin III, dalteparin sodium, warfarinpotassium, argatroban, gabexate, ozagrel sodium, ethyl icosapentate,beraprost sodium, alprostadil, ticlopidine hydrochloride,pentoxifylline, dipyridamole, tisokinase, urokinase, streptokinase,alteplase and the like.

(11) tranquilizer

diazepam, lorazepam, clorazepate dipotassium, oxazepam,chlordiazepoxide, medazepam, oxazolam, cloxazolam, clotiazepam,bromazepam, etizolam, fludiazepam, hydroxyzine, nitrazepam, triazolam,alprazolam and the like.

(12) antipsychotic

chlorpromazine hydrochloride, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine,thioridazine hydrochloride, perphenazine maleate, fluphenazineenanthate, prochlorperazine maleate, levomepromazine maleate,promethazine hydrochloride, haloperidol, clozapine, trifluoperazinedihydrochloride, fluphenazine hydrochloride, olanzapine, quetiapinefumarate, risperidone, aripiprazole, bromperidol, spiperone, reserpine,clocapramine hydrochloride, sulpiride, zotepine, tiotixene and the like.

(13) antitumor drug(i) cytotoxic cancer drug

6-O—(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol, bleomycin, methotrexate,actinomycin D, mitomycin C, daunorubicin, adriamycin, neocarzinostatin,cytosine arabinoside, fluorouracil, tetrahydrofuryl-5-fluorouracil,picibanil, lentinan, levamisole, bestatin, azimexon, glycyrrhizin,doxorubicin hydrochloride, aclarubicin hydrochloride, peplomycinsulfate, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, irinotecanhydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, thiotepa, procarbazinehydrochloride, cisplatin, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, tegafur,carmofur, cytarabine, methyltestosterone, testosterone propionate,testosterone enanthate, mepitiostane, fosfestrol, chlormadinone acetate,leuprorelin acetate, buserelin acetate, ifosfamide, busulfan,ranimustine, dacarbazine, nedaplatin, carboplatin, gemcitabinehydrochloride, fludarabine hydrochloride, vinorelbine ditartarate,etoposide, L-asparaginase and the like.

(ii) therapeutic drug for hormone

tamoxifen citrate, toremifene citrate, fadrozole hydrochloride hydrate,flutamide, bicalutamide and the like.

(14) hypolipidemic drug and therapeutic drug for arteriosclerosis

clofibrate, ethyl2-chloro-3-[4-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropoxy)phenyl]propionate [Chemical andPharmaceutical Bulletin, 1990, 38, 2792-2796], pravastatin, simvastatin,probucol, bezafibrate, clinofibrate, nicomol, cholestyramine, dextransulfate sodium, fluvastatin sodium, cerivastatin sodium, colestimide,nicotinic acid, niceritrol, clofibrate, fenofibrate and the like.

(15) muscle relaxant

pridinol, tubocurarine, pancuronium, tolperisone hydrochloride,chlorphenesin carbamate, baclofen, chlormezanone, mephenesin,chlorzoxazone, eperisone, tizanidine and the like.

(16) antiepileptic drug

phenytoin, ethosuximide, acetazolamide, chlordiazepoxide, trimethadione,carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, sulthiame, sodium valproate,clonazepam, diazepam, nitrazepam and the like.

(17) antidepressant and therapeutic drug for manic psychosis

imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine hydrochloride, noxiptiline,phenelzine, amitriptyline hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride,amoxapine, mianserin hydrochloride, maprotiline hydrochloride,sulpiride, fluvoxamine maleate, trazodone hydrochloride, paroxetinehydrochloride hydrate, lithium carbonate, selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitor (fluvoxamine maleate, fluoxetine hydrochloride, citalopramhydrobromide, sertraline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride,escitalopram oxalate etc.), serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor(venlafaxine hydrochloride, duloxetine hydrochloride, venlafaxinehydrochloride etc.), noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (reboxetinemesylate etc.), noradrenalin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (bupropionhydrochloride etc.), mirtazapine, trazodone hydrochloride, nefazodonehydrochloride, bupropion hydrochloride, setiptiline maleate, 5-HT1Aagonist (buspirone hydrochloride, tandospirone citrate, osemozotanhydrochloride) and the like.

(18) antiallergic drug

diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, tripelennamine, metodilamine,clemizole, diphenylpyraline, methoxyphenamine, sodium cromoglicate,tranilast, repirinast, amlexanox, ibudilast, ketotifen, terfenadine,mequitazine, azelastine hydrochloride, epinastine, ozagrelhydrochloride, pranlukast hydrate, seratrodast and the like.

(19) cardiac stimulants

trans-π-oxocamphor, terephyllol, aminophylline, etilefrine, dopamine,dobutamine, denopamine, amrinone, pimobendan, ubidecarenone, digitoxin,digoxin, methyldigoxin, lanatoside C, G-strophanthin, milrinone,vesnarinone, docarpamine and the like.

(20) vasodilator

oxyfedrine, diltiazem, tolazoline, hexobendine, bamethan, clonidine,methyldopa, guanabenz, hydralazine hydrochloride and the like.

(21) vasoconstrictor

dopamine, dobutamine, denopamine and the like.

(22) hypotensive diuretic

hexamethonium bromide, pentolinium, mecamylamine, ecarazine, clonidine,diltiazem, nifedipine and the like.

(23) therapeutic drug for diabetes tolbutamide, chlorpropamide,acetohexamide, glibenclamide, tolazamide, acarbose, epalrestat,troglitazone, glucagon, glymidine, glipizide, phenformin, buformin,metformin, gliclazide, nateglinide, voglibose, insulin and the like.(24) antiobesity drugs

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) preparation and the like.

(25) antinarcotic

levallorphan, nalorphine, naloxone or a salt thereof and the like.

(26) liposoluble vitamins(i) vitamin A: vitamin A₁, vitamin A₂ and retinol palmitate(ii) vitamin D: alfacalcidol, calcitriol, vitamin D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄ and D₅(iii) vitamin E: α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol,dl-α-tocopherol nicotinate(iv) vitamin K: menatetrenone, vitamin K₁, K₂, K₃ and K₄(v) folic acid (vitamin M) and the like.(27) vitamin derivative

various derivatives of vitamins, for example, vitamin D3 derivativessuch as 5,6-trans-cholecalciferol, 2,5-hydroxycholecalciferol,1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol and the like, vitamin D₂ derivatives such as5,6-trans-ergocalciferol and the like, and the like.

(28) antiasthmatic

isoprenaline hydrochloride, salbutamol sulfate, procaterolhydrochloride, terbutaline sulfate, trimetoquinol hydrochloride,tulobuterol hydrochloride, orciprenaline sulfate, fenoterolhydrobromide, ephedrine hydrochloride, ipratropium bromide, oxitropiumbromide, flutropium bromide, theophylline, aminophylline, sodiumcromoglicate, tranilast, repirinast, amlexanox, ibudilast, ketotifen,terfenadine, mequitazine, azelastine, epinastine, ozagrel hydrochloride,pranlkast hydrate, seratrodast, dexamethasone, prednisolone,hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, beclometasonedipropionate, epinephrine, fluticasone propionate, zafirlukast and thelike.

(29) therapeutic agent for pollakisuria/anischuria

flavoxate hydrochloride and the like.

(30) therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis

sodium cromoglicate and the like.

(31) therapeutic agent for allergic rhinitis

sodium cromoglicate, chlorpheniramine maleate, alimemazine tartrate,clemastine fumarate, homochlorcyclizine hydrochloride, fexofenadine,mequitazine and the like.

(32) hypertensor

dopamine, dobutamine, denopamine, digitoxin, digoxin, methyldigoxin,lanatoside C, G-strophanthin and the like.

(33) narcotic analgesic

morphine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate sustained tablet,morphine-atropine, pethidine hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate and thelike.

(34) non-narcotic analgesic

pentazocine, buprenorphine hydrochloride and the like.

(35) therapeutic drug for ocular disease

pilocarpine hydrochloride, distigmine bromide, ecothiopate iodide,timolol maleate, carteolol hydrochloride, phenylephrine hydrochloride,epinephrine, dorzolamide, isopropyl unoprostone, latanoprost and thelike.

(36) therapeutic drug for nausea and vomiting

domperidone, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, promethazinehydrochloride, diphenhydramine hydrochloride-diprophylline combinationdrug, scopolamine butylbromide, granisetron hydrochloride, ondansetronhydrochloride, azasetron hydrochloride, ramosetron hydrochloride and thelike.

(37) therapeutic drug for coprostasis and diarrhea

carmellose sodium, lactulose, D-sorbitol, magnesium citriate, magnesiumoxide, senna extract, sennoside, picosulfate sodium, bisacodyl,cisapride, itopride hydrochloride, loperamide hydrochloride and thelike.

(38) therapeutic drug for osteoporosis

alfacalcidol, calcitriol, estriol, elcatonin, salmon calcitonin,etidronate disodium, pamidronate disodium, alendronate sodium hydrateand the like.

(39) therapeutic drug for thyroid dysfunction

liothyronine sodium, propylthiouracil, thiamazole, potassium iodide,sodium iodide, levothyroxine sodium and the like.

(40) others

diacerein, megestrol acetate, nicergoline, prostaglandins.

(41) therapeutic drug for central disease and the like

benzodiazepine (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clorazepate dipotassium,lorazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam etc.), L-type calcium channelinhibitor (pregabalin etc.), tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressantdrug (imipramine hydrochloride, amitriptyline hydrochloride, desipraminehydrochloride, clomipramine hydrochloride, etc.), selective serotoninreuptake inhibitor (fluvoxamine maleate, fluoxetine hydrochloride,citalopram hydrobromide, sertraline hydrochloride, paroxetinehydrochloride, escitalopram oxalate etc.), serotonin-noradrenalinreuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine hydrochloride, duloxetine hydrochloride,venlafaxine hydrochloride etc.), noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor(reboxetine mesylate etc.), noradrenalin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor(bupropion hydrochloride etc.), mirtazapine, trazodone hydrochloride,nefazodone hydrochloride, bupropion hydrochloride, setiptiline maleate,5-HT1A agonist (buspirone hydrochloride, tandospirone citrate,osemozotan hydrochloride), 5-HT₃ antagonist (cyamemazine etc.), heartnon-selective a inhibitor (propranolol hydrochloride, oxiprenololhydrochloride etc.), histamine HI antagonist (hydroxyzine hydrochlorideetc.), therapeutic drug for schizophrenia (chlorpromazine, haloperidol,sulpiride, clozapine, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, fluphenazinehydrochloride, olanzapine, quetiapine fumarate, risperidone,aripiprazole etc.), CRF antagonist, other antianxiety drug (meprobamateetc.), tachykinin antagonist (MK-869, saredutant etc.), drug that actson metabotropic glutamate receptor, CCK antagonist, β3 adrenalineantagonist (amibegron hydrochloride etc.), GAT-1 inhibitor (tiagabinehydrochloride etc.), N-type calcium channel inhibitor, type II carbonicanhydrase inhibitor, NMDA glycine site agonist, NMDA antagonist(memantine etc.), peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist,vasopressin antagonist, vasopressin V1b antagonist, vasopressin Viaantagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, opioids antagonist, opioidsagonist, uridine, nicotinic acid receptor agonists, thyroid hormone (T3,T4), TSH, TRH, MAO inhibitor (acidphenelzine sulfate, tranylcyprominesulfate, moclobemide etc.), 5-HT_(2A) antagonist, 5-HT_(2A) inverseagonist, COMT inhibitor (entacapone, etc.), therapeutic drug for bipolardisorder (lithium carbonate, sodium valproate, lamotrigine, riluzole,felbamate etc.), cannabinoid CB1 antagonist (rimonabant etc.), FAAHinhibitor, sodium channel inhibitor, anti-ADHD drug (methylphenidatehydrochloride, methamphetamine hydrochloride etc.), therapeutic drug foralcoholism, therapeutic drug for autism, therapeutic drug for chronicfatigue syndrome, therapeutic drug for convulsion, therapeutic drugforfibromyalgia, therapeutic drug for headache, therapeutic drug forinsomnia (etizolam, zopiclone, triazolam, xolpidem, ramelteon, indiplonetc.), therapeutic drug for quitting smoking, therapeutic drug formyasthenia gravis, therapeutic drug for cerebral infarction, therapeuticdrug for manic psychosis, therapeutic drug for hypersomnia, therapeuticdrug for pain, therapeutic drug for dysthymia, therapeutic drug fordysautonomia, therapeutic drug for male and female sexual dysfunction,therapeutic drug for migraine, therapeutic drug for pathologicalgambling, therapeutic drug for restless legs syndrome, therapeutic drugfor substance dependence, therapeutic drug for alcohol-related disease,therapeutic drug for irritable bowel syndrome, therapeutic drug forAlzheimer's disease (donepezil, galanthamine, memantine, rivastigmine,etc.), therapeutic drug for Parkinson's disease (levodopa, carbidopa,benserazide, selegiline, rasagiline, zonisamide, entacapone, amantadine,talipexole, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine,cabergoline, pergolide, bromocriptine, istradefylline, trihexyphenidyl,biperiden, piroheptine, profenamine, promethazine, droxidopa,combination thereof etc.), therapeutic drug for Parkinson's diseaseassociated with dementia (rivastigmine), therapeutic drug for Lewy bodydementia (donepezil), therapeutic drug for ALS (riluzole, neurotrophicfactor, etc.), therapeutic drug for hyperlipidemia such ascholesterol-lowering drug (statin series (pravastatin sodium,atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, etc.), fibrate (clofibrateetc.), squalene synthase inhibitor), therapeutic drug for abnormalbehavior or dementia-related wandering (sedative drug, antianxiety drug,etc.), apoptosis inhibitor, antiobesity drug, antidiabetic drug,therapeutic drug for hypertension, therapeutic drug for hypotension,therapeutic drug for rheumatism (DMARD), anticancer drug, therapeuticdrug for hypoparathyroidism (PTH), calcium receptor antagonist, sexhormone or derivative thereof (progesterone, estradiol, estradiolbenzoate etc.), neuron differentiation accelerator, neurogenerationpromotor, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam, tenoxicam,indomethacin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, rofecoxib, aspirin etc.), steroid(dexamethasone, cortisone acetate, etc.), anti-cytokine drug (TNFinhibitor, MAP kinase inhibitor, etc.), antibody medicament, nucleicacid or nucleic acid derivative, aptamer and the like.

For combined use, the administration time of the compound of the presentinvention and the concomitant drug is not restricted, and the compoundof the present invention or the concomitant drug can be administered toan administration subject simultaneously, or may be administered atdifferent times. The dosage of the concomitant drug may be determinedaccording to the dose clinically used, and can be appropriately selecteddepending on an administration subject, administration route, disease,combination and the like.

The administration form of the combined use is not particularly limited,and the compound of the present invention and a concomitant drug onlyneed to be combined on administration. Examples of such administrationmode include the following:

(1) administration of a single preparation obtained by simultaneouslyprocessing the compound of the present invention and the concomitantdrug, (2) simultaneous administration of two kinds of preparations ofthe compound of the present invention and the concomitant drug, whichhave been separately produced, by the same administration route, (3)administration of two kinds of preparations of the compound of thepresent invention and the concomitant drug, which have been separatelyproduced, by the same administration route in a staggered manner, (4)simultaneous administration of two kinds of preparations of the compoundof the present invention and the concomitant drug, which have beenseparately produced, by different administration routes, (5)administration of two kinds of preparations of the compound of thepresent invention and the concomitant drug, which have been separatelyproduced, by different administration routes in a staggered manner(e.g., administration in the order of the compound of the presentinvention and the concomitant drug, or in the reverse order) and thelike.

The mixing ratio of the compound of the present invention and aconcomitant drug in the combination agent of the present invention canbe appropriately selected based on the subject of administration,administration route, disease and the like.

For example, while the content of the compound of the present inventionin the combination agent of the present invention varies depending onthe preparation form, it is generally about 0.01-100 wt %, preferablyabout 0.1-50 wt %, more preferably about 0.5-20 wt %, of the wholepreparation.

The content of the concomitant drug in the combination agent of thepresent invention varies depending on the preparation form, andgenerally about 0.01 to 100% by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 50% byweight, further preferably about 0.5 to 20% by weight, of the entirepreparation.

While the content of the additive such as a carrier and the like in thecombination agent of the present invention varies depending on the formof a preparation, it is generally about 1 to 99.99% by weight,preferably about 10 to 90% by weight, based on the preparation.

When the compound of the present invention and the concomitant drug areseparately prepared, the same content may be adopted.

Any amount of the concomitant drug can be adopted as long as the sideeffects do not cause a problem. The daily dosage in terms of theconcomitant drug varies depending on the severity, age, sex, bodyweight, sensitivity difference of the subject, administration period,interval, and nature, pharmacology, kind of the pharmaceuticalpreparation, kind of effective ingredient, and the like, and notparticularly restricted, and the amount of a drug is, in the case oforal administration for example, generally about 0.001 to 2000 mg,preferably about 0.01 to 500 mg, further preferably about 0.1 to 100 mg,per 1 kg of a mammal and this is generally administered once to 4-times,divided in a day.

When the combination agent of the present invention is administered, thecompound of the present invention and the concomitant drug can beadministered simultaneously, or may be administered in a staggeredmanner. When administered at a time interval, the interval variesdepending on the effective ingredient, dosage form and administrationmethod, and, for example, when the concomitant drug is administeredfirst, a method in which the compound of the present invention isadministered within time range of from 1 minute to 3 days, preferablyfrom 10 minutes to 1 day, more preferably from 15 minutes to 1 hour,after administration of the concomitant drug is an example. When thecompound of the present invention is administered first, a method inwhich the concomitant drug is administered within time range of from 1minute to 1 day, preferably from 10 minutes to 6 hours, more preferablyfrom 15 minutes to 1 hour after administration of the compound of thepresent invention is an example.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is explained in detail in the following byreferring to Reference Examples, Examples, Experimental Examples andFormulation Examples, which are not to be construed as limitative, andthe invention may be changed within the scope of the present invention.

In the following Examples, the “room temperature” generally means about10° C. to about 35° C. The ratios indicated for mixed solvents arevolume mixing ratios, unless otherwise specified. % means wt %, unlessotherwise specified.

In silica gel column chromatography, “basic” means use ofaminopropylsilane-bound silica gel. The ratios of elution solvents arevolume mixing ratios, unless otherwise specified.

In Reference Examples and Examples, the following abbreviations areused.

DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide

THF: tetrahydrofuranEDCI: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimideDMSO: dimethyl sulfoxideHOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazoleHATU: O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphateTEA: triethylamine

DIEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine

N: normalM: mol concentration

¹H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum) was measured byFourier-transform type NMR. For the analysis, ACD/SpecManager (tradename) and the like were used. Peaks with very mild protons such as ahydroxy group, an amino group and the like are not described.

The following abbreviations are used for ¹H NMR measurement.

s: singlet, d: doublet, dd: double doublet, dt: double triplet, t:triplet, q: quartet, m: multiplet, brs: broad singlet, quin: quintet, J:coupling constant, Hz: hertz.

MS (mass spectrum) was measured by LC/MS (liquid chromatography massspectrometer). As ionization method, ESI (Electro Spray Ionization)method or APCI (Atomospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization) method wasused. The data indicates those found.

Example 16-benzyl-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA) methyl 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinate

To a mixture of 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinic acid (1.00 g), iodomethane(0.579 mL) and DMF (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (1.92 g) at 40°C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days.To the reaction mixture was added water, and the mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueousammonium chloride solution, water and saturated brine, dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate, purified by silica gel column chromatography(ethyl acetate), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate)to give the title compound (0.738 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.79 (3H, s), 3.93 (3H, s), 8.33 (1H, d, J=2.3Hz), 8.67 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

B) methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinate (730 mg) andN-bromosuccinimide (565 mg), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (52.1 mg) and(trifluoromethyl)benzene (12 mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphereat 80° C. for 7 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with a mixture ofethyl acetate-hexane, purified by silica gel column chromatography(hexane/ethyl acetate), and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethylacetate) to give the title compound (944 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.99 (3H, s), 4.99 (2H, s), 8.41 (1H, d, J=2.3Hz), 8.75 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

C) 6-benzyl-3-bromo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

Under nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture of methyl5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (320 mg), benzylamine (0.136 mL), DIEA(0.217 mL) and THF (20 mL) was stirred overnight at room temperature,and then at 50° C. for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure, to the residue was added water, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (166mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.29 (2H, s), 4.82 (2H, s), 7.28-7.40 (5H, m),8.27 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 8.76 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

D) 6-benzyl-5-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of 6-benzyl-3-bromo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one(166 mg), zinc(II) cyanide (129 mg), zinc powder (18 mg),dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene]palladium(II) (28 mg) andDMF (5 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 1 hr.The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, the insolublesubstance was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (128 mg).

MS (API+), found: 250.2.

E)6-benzyl-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture of6-benzyl-5-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (128mg), methanol (3 mL) and ethanol (3 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.157 mL), and the mixture was stirred undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 2 hr. To the reaction mixture wasadded water at 0° C., and the resulting solid was collected byfiltration, washed with water, and dried under reduced pressure. To amixture of the obtained solid and THF (15 mL) was added trifluoroaceticanhydride (0.185 mL), and the mixture was stirred overnight undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure, saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution wasadded thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), andthe fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtainedresidue was crystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to give the titlecompound (107 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.60 (2H, s), 4.81 (2H, s), 7.24-7.43 (5H,m), 8.57 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.39 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

Example 26-(1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA) methyl 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinate

To a mixture of 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinic acid (5.00 g) and methanol (40mL) was added sulfuric acid (2.47 mL) at room temperature, and themixture was stirred overnight at 60° C. The reaction mixture wasneutralized with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 0° C., andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with waterand saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and thesolvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give thetitle compound (2.35 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.67 (3H, s), 3.87 (3H, s), 8.33 (1H, d,J=2.3 Hz), 8.77 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

B) methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate

To a mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinate (2.30 g) andtrifluoromethylbenzene (40 mL) were added N-bromosuccinimide (1.78 g)and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (164 mg) at room temperature. Undernitrogen atmosphere, the mixture was stirred under heating at 80° C. for18 hr, and cooled to room temperature. The insoluble substance wasremoved by filtration, the obtained filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (2.94g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 3.91 (3H, s), 4.94 (2H, s), 8.45 (1H, d,J=2.6 Hz), 8.91 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

C) 3-bromo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (300 mg) andTHF (20 mL) were added DIEA (0.204 mL) and 1-phenylethanamine (0.147mL), and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. To thereaction mixture were added water and ethyl acetate, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and thesolvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give thetitle compound (179 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 317.1.

D)5-oxo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of3-bromo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one(176 mg), zinc(II) cyanide (98.0 mg), zinc powder (18.1 mg),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (321 mg) and anhydrous DMF (20 mL)was stirred under microwave irradiation, under nitrogen atmosphere at140° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate,and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was washed with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (95.8 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.66 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.25-4.83 (2H, m),5.56 (1H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 7.25-7.41 (5H, m), 8.68 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.20(1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

E)N′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide

To a mixture of5-oxo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(92.8 mg) and ethanol (10 mL) were added a mixture of hydroxylaminehydrochloride (49.0 mg) and water (1 mL), and a mixture of sodiumcarbonate (59.8 mg) and water (2 mL), and the mixture was heated underreflux for 5 hr. The solvent of the reaction mixture was evaporatedunder reduced pressure, ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) togive the title compound (78.9 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.67 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.13-4.72 (2H, m),5.57 (1H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 6.12 (2H, s), 7.25-7.33 (1H, m), 7.37 (4H, d,J=4.5 Hz), 8.31 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 9.04 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.97 (1H, s).

F)6-(1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture ofN′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(1-phenylethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide(75.8 mg) and THF (10 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.108 mL)at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolvent of the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure,ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solutionwere added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer was washed successively with water and saturatedbrine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (62.8 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.69 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.27-4.86 (2H, m),5.59 (1H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 7.26-7.33 (1H, m), 7.33-7.44 (4H, m), 8.55 (1H,d, J=2.3 Hz), 9.38 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

Example 36-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA) methyl 5-bromo-2-(((2-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)nicotinate

To a mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (500 mg) andTHF (30 mL) were added DIEA (0.339 mL) and 2-phenylpropan-2-amine (0.279mL), and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. To thereaction mixture were added water and ethyl acetate, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and thesolvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give thetitle compound (312 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.36 (6H, s), 2.75-2.90 (1H, m), 3.76 (2H,s), 3.82 (3H, s), 7.13-7.22 (1H, m), 7.24-7.33 (2H, m), 7.40-7.47 (2H,m), 8.25 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 8.79 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

B) 5-bromo-2-(((2-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)nicotinic acid

To a mixture of methyl5-bromo-2-(((2-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)nicotinate (310 mg),methanol (2 mL), THF (2 mL) and water (2 mL) was added 8N aqueous sodiumhydroxide solution (0.267 mL) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at90° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1N hydrochloricacid, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washedsuccessively with water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure togive the title compound (161 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 349.2.

C)3-bromo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture of 5-bromo-2-(((2-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)nicotinicacid (161 mg) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (5 mL) were successively addedDIEA (0.121 mL) and HATU (263 mg), and the mixture was stirred overnightat room temperature. To the reaction mixture were added water and ethylacetate, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was washed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethylacetate) to give the title compound (124 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.80 (6H, s), 4.82 (2H, s), 7.15-7.23 (1H,m), 7.24-7.36 (4H, m), 8.19 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 8.91 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

D)5-oxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of3-bromo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one(120 mg), zinc(II) cyanide (63.8 mg), zinc powder (11.8 mg),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (209 mg) and anhydrous DMF (20 mL)was stirred under microwave irradiation, under nitrogen atmosphere at140° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate,and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was washed with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (71.6mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.81 (6H, s), 4.97 (2H, s), 7.16-7.24 (1H,m), 7.25-7.38 (4H, m), 8.53 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.22 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

E)N′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide

To a mixture of5-oxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(68.6 mg) and ethanol (5 mL) were added a mixture of hydroxylaminehydrochloride (34.4 mg) and water (1 mL), and a mixture of sodiumcarbonate (41.9 mg) and water (2 mL), and the mixture was heated underreflux for 5 hr. The solvent of the reaction mixture was evaporatedunder reduced pressure, ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) togive the title compound (52.2 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 311.3.

F)6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture ofN′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide(52.2 mg) and THF (4 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.071 mL)at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolvent of the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure,ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solutionwere added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer was washed successively with water and saturatedbrine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (56.9 mg).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.84 (6H, s), 5.01 (2H, s), 7.17-7.24 (1H,m), 7.27-7.33 (2H, m), 7.35-7.41 (2H, m), 8.43 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz), 9.41(1H, d, J=2.2 Hz).

Example 46-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA)3-bromo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (300 mg) andTHF (20 mL) were added DIEA (0.204 mL) and pyridin-3-ylmethanamine(0.118 mL), and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, water andethyl acetate were added thereto, and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, anddried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gelcolumn chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound(116 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 304.1.

B)5-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of3-bromo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one(115 mg), zinc(II) cyanide (66.6 mg), zinc powder (12.4 mg),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (218 mg) and anhydrous DMF (15 mL)was stirred under microwave irradiation, under nitrogen atmosphere at140° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate,and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was washed with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) to give the title compound (52.7mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 251.2.

C)N′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide

To a mixture of5-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(52.7 mg) and ethanol (5 mL) were added a mixture of hydroxylaminehydrochloride (29.3 mg) and water (1 mL), and a mixture of sodiumcarbonate (35.7 mg) and water (2 mL), and the mixture was heated underreflux for 4 hr. The solvent of the reaction mixture was evaporatedunder reduced pressure, ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) togive the title compound (32.6 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 284.2.

D)6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture ofN′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide(32.6 mg) and THF (3 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.049 mL)at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 3 hr. The solvent ofthe reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, ethylacetate and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution wereadded thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed successively with water and saturated brine,and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) to give the title compound (32.5mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.66 (2H, s), 4.84 (2H, s), 7.35-7.43 (1H,m), 7.78 (1H, dt, J=7.8, 1.9 Hz), 8.49-8.64 (3H, m), 9.39 (1H, d, J=1.9Hz).

Example 56-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA)3-bromo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (300 mg) andTHF (20 mL) were added DIEA (0.204 mL) and 1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanamine(142 mg), and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolvent of the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure,water and ethyl acetate were added thereto, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and thesolvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give thetitle compound (82.0 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 318.1.

B) 5-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of3-bromo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one(82.0 mg), zinc(II) cyanide (45.4 mg), zinc powder (8.43 mg),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (149 mg) and anhydrous DMF (10 mL)was stirred under microwave irradiation, under nitrogen atmosphere at140° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate,and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was washed with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) to give the title compound (61.3mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 265.2.

C)N′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide

To a mixture of5-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(61.3 mg) and ethanol (10 mL) were added a mixture of hydroxylaminehydrochloride (32.2 mg) and water (1 mL), and a mixture of sodiumcarbonate (39.3 mg) and water (2 mL), and the mixture was heated underreflux for 4 hr. The solvent of the reaction mixture was evaporatedunder reduced pressure, ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) togive the title compound (25.9 mg).

MS: [M+H]⁺ 298.2.

D)6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

To a mixture ofN′-hydroxy-5-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-carboxyimidamide(25.9 mg) and THF (3 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.037 mL)at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 3 hr. The solvent ofthe reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, ethylacetate and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution wereadded thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed successively with water and saturated brine,and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol) to give the title compound (12.7mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.73 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.45-4.89 (2H, m),5.60 (1H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 7.39 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 4.9 Hz), 7.85 (1H, dt,J=7.9, 1.7 Hz), 8.50 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 1.5 Hz), 8.54 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz),8.64 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 9.39 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

Example 62-benzyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one A)methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate (3.5 g), N-bromosuccinimide(3.0 g), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (0.251 g) and(trifluoromethyl)benzene (40 mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphereat 80° C. for 5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with a mixture ofethyl acetate-hexane, purified by silica gel column chromatography(hexane/ethyl acetate), and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethylacetate) to give the title compound (3.88 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.95 (3H, s), 4.90 (2H, s), 7.34 (1H, d, J=8.3Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=8.3, 2.3 Hz), 8.11 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

B) 2-benzyl-6-bromoisoindolin-1-one

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate (300 mg),benzylamine (0.128 mL), DIEA (0.204 mL) and THF (20 mL) was stirredovernight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C., and the reaction mixturewas concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water,and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed withdiisopropyl ether to give the title compound (193 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.35 (2H, s), 4.73 (2H, s), 7.24-7.44 (5H,m), 7.54 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.78 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz), 7.85 (1H, d,J=1.9 Hz).

C) 2-benzyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of 2-benzyl-6-bromoisoindolin-1-one (190 mg), zinc(II) cyanide(111 mg), zinc powder (21 mg),dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (32 mg) andDMF (10 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 1 hr.The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, the insolublesubstance was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (124 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.48 (2H, s), 4.75 (2H, s), 7.24-7.40 (5H,m), 7.78 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 0.8 Hz), 8.05 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz), 8.18(1H, s).

D) 2-benzyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 2-benzyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile (124 mg),methanol (3 mL) and ethanol (3 mL) was added 50% aqueous hydroxylaminesolution (0.153 mL), and the mixture was stirred under nitrogenatmosphere at 50° C. for 90 min. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure, to the residue was added water, and the mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained residue and THF (10mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.176 mL), and the mixture wasstirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. The reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, water was addedthereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), andthe fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtainedresidue was crystallized from diethyl ether/hexane to give the titlecompound (54.8 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.51 (2H, s), 4.77 (2H, s), 7.23-7.44 (5H,m), 7.75-7.89 (1H, m), 8.20-8.35 (2H, m).

Example 72-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) 3-oxo-2-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate (300 mg),(1R)-1-phenylethanamine (0.149 mL), DIEA (0.204 mL) and THF (20 mL) wasstirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C., and the reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue wasadded water, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. A mixture ofthe obtained residue, zinc(II) cyanide (172 mg), zinc powder (32 mg),dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (36 mg) andDMF (5 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 1 hr.The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, the insolublesubstance was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (183 mg).

MS (API+), found: 263.2.

B)2-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 3-oxo-2-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile(183 mg), methanol (3 mL) and ethanol (3 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.214 mL), and the mixture was stirred undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure, to the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtainedresidue and THF (15 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.246 mL),and the mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50°C. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, waterwas added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), andthe fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtainedresidue was crystallized from diethyl ether/ethyl acetate/hexane to givethe title compound (127 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.72 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.02-4.48 (2H, m),5.85 (1H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 7.28-7.43 (5H, m), 7.53 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 8.27(1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s).

Example 82-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) 3-oxo-2-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate (300 mg),(1S)-1-phenylethanamine (0.149 mL), DIEA (0.204 mL) and THF (20 mL) wasstirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C., and the reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue wasadded water, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. A mixture ofthe obtained residue, zinc(II) cyanide (172 mg), zinc powder (32 mg),dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (36 mg) andDMF (5 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 1 hr.The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, the insolublesubstance was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (173 mg).

MS (API+), found: 263.2.

B)2-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 3-oxo-2-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile(173 mg), methanol (3 mL) and ethanol (3 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.202 mL), and the mixture was stirred undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure, to the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtainedresidue and THF (15 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.233 mL),and the mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50°C. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, waterwas added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), andthe fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtainedresidue was crystallized from diethyl ether/hexane to give the titlecompound (76 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.72 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.02-4.49 (2H, m),5.85 (1H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 7.28-7.42 (5H, m), 7.53 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 8.27(1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s).

Example 92-(3-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) 2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate (250 mg),1-(3-methoxyphenyl)methanamine (0.125 mL), DIEA (0.170 mL) and THF (20mL) was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C., and thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residuewas added water, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethylacetate), and concentrated under reduced pressure. A mixture of theobtained residue, zinc(II) cyanide (191 mg), zinc powder (27 mg),dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (42 mg) andDMF (5 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 1 hr.The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, the insolublesubstance was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (149 mg).

MS (API+), found: 279.2.

B)2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile (148mg), methanol (3 mL) and ethanol (3 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.163 mL), and under nitrogen atmosphere, themixture was stirred at 50° C. for 3 hr, and then overnight at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure, to the residue was added water, and the mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine,dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure. To a mixture of the obtained residue and THF (5 mL) was addedtrifluoroacetic anhydride (0.159 mL), and under nitrogen atmosphere, themixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, and then at 50° C.for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure,water was added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethylacetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethylacetate) to give the title compound (124 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 3.74 (3H, s), 4.51 (2H, s), 4.74 (2H, s),6.78-6.95 (3H, m), 7.24-7.35 (1H, m), 7.77-7.90 (1H, m), 8.23-8.33 (2H,m).

Example 102-(3-phenoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) methyl 5-cyano-2-methylbenzoate

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate (14.4 g), copper(I) cyanide(8.45 g) and DMF (60 mL) was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphereat 150° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, andpurified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate). Saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride solution was added thereto, and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The insoluble substance wasremoved by filtration, and the organic layer was washed with water andsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (9.0g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.68 (3H, s), 3.93 (3H, s), 7.37 (1H, d, J=7.9Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz), 8.22 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

B) methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-5-cyanobenzoate

A mixture of methyl 5-cyano-2-methylbenzoate (8.9 g), N-bromosuccinimide(9.5 g), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (0.83 g) and(trifluoromethyl)benzene (200 mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphereat 80° C. for 6 hr. The reaction mixture was poured into water, and theorganic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (8.05g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.98 (3H, s), 4.96 (2H, s), 7.61 (1H, d, J=7.9Hz), 7.77 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz), 8.27 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

C) 3-oxo-2-(3-phenoxybenzyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile

Under nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture of methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-cyanobenzoate (100 mg), 1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanamine(94 mg), DIEA (0.082 mL) and THF (7 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 6 hr,and then overnight at room temperature, and the reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added water, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (123 mg).

MS (API+), found: 341.2 (M+1)

D)2-(3-phenoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 3-oxo-2-(3-phenoxybenzyl)isoindoline-5-carbonitrile (123mg), methanol (2 mL) and ethanol (2 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.111 mL), and the mixture was stirred undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 2 hr. To the reaction mixture wasadded water, the resulting solid was collected by filtration, and driedunder reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained solid and THF (5mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.098 mL), and under nitrogenatmosphere, the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 4 hr, and thenovernight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure, water was added thereto, and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed withsaturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), and the fraction was concentratedunder reduced pressure. The obtained residue was crystallized from ethylacetate/hexane to give the title compound (100 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.38 (2H, s), 4.81 (2H, s), 6.85-7.16 (6H, m),7.27-7.38 (3H, m), 7.57 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 8.30 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 8.65(1H, s).

Example 112-(2-phenoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

The title compound was obtained using 1-(2-phenoxyphenyl)methanamine inthe same manner as in Example 10.

Example 122-(2-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) 2-(2-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-5-cyanobenzoate (100 mg),1-(2-methoxyphenyl)methanamine (0.057 mL), DIEA (0.082 mL) and THF (7mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 3 hr, and thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residuewas added water, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) togive the title compound (70 mg).

MS (API+), found: 279.2.

B)2-(2-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

To a mixture of 2-(2-methoxybenzyl)-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile (70mg), methanol (2 mL) and ethanol (2 mL) was added 50% aqueoushydroxylamine solution (0.077 mL), and the mixture was stirred undernitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 2 hr. To the reaction mixture wasadded water, and the resulting solid was collected by filtration, anddried under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained solid and THF(4 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.088 mL), and the mixturewas stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. The reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) togive the title compound (75 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.88 (3H, s), 4.39 (2H, s), 4.87 (2H, s),6.86-7.00 (2H, m), 7.28-7.33 (2H, m), 7.55 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 0.8 Hz), 8.27(1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz), 8.63 (1H, d, J=0.8 Hz).

Example 132-((1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) methyl 5-(N′-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-methylbenzoate

To a mixture of methyl 5-cyano-2-methylbenzoate (1.08 g) and methanol(20 mL) was added 50% aqueous hydroxylamine solution (1.89 mL), and themixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixturewas concentrated under reduced pressure, to the residue was added water,and the mixture was extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate-THF. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give thetitle compound (1.25 g).

MS (API+), found: 209.2.

B) methyl 2-methyl-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoate

To a mixture of methyl 5-(N′-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-methylbenzoate (250mg) and THF (15 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.424 mL), andthe mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C.The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, water wasadded thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) togive the title compound (228 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.69 (3H, s), 3.95 (3H, s), 7.42 (1H, d, J=7.9Hz), 8.13 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz), 8.65 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

C) methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoate

A mixture of methyl2-methyl-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoate (2.91 g),N-bromosuccinimide (1.90 g), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (0.167 g) and(trifluoromethyl)benzene (60 mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphereat 80° C. for 2 hr. To the reaction mixture was added water, and theorganic layer was separated, washed with water and saturated brine,dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography(hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (3.62 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.00 (3H, s), 5.01 (2H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J=7.9Hz), 8.24 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz), 8.71 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

D)2-((1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

A mixture of methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoate (29mg), (1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanamine (22 mg), DIEA (0.021 mL) andN,N-dimethylacetamide (1 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at100° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate,water was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred for 2 min. Theorganic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted withethyl acetate. The solvent of the combined organic layer was evaporatedby blowing air while heating at 60° C. The residue was purified bypreparative HPLC (column: YMC Triart C18, mobile phase: acetonitrile/10mM aqueous ammonium carbonate solution). The solvent of the obtainedfraction was evaporated by blowing air while heating at 60° C. to givethe title compound (15 mg).

Examples 14-38

The compounds of Examples 14-38 were synthesized using the correspondingamine in the same manner as in Example 13.

Example 396-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-oneA) methyl 5-cyano-2-methylnicotinate

A reaction mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-methylnicotinate (3.33 g),copper(I) cyanide (1.945 g) and DMF (15 mL) was stirred overnight undernitrogen atmosphere at 150° C. To the reaction mixture was added ethylacetate, and the mixture was filtered through Celite. To the filtratewas added saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, and the mixturewas stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethylacetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine,and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (980 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.92 (3H, s), 3.97 (3H, s), 8.47 (1H, d, J=2.3Hz), 8.87 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

B) methyl 5-(N′-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-methylnicotinate

To a reaction mixture of methyl 5-cyano-2-methylnicotinate (980 mg) andmethanol (20 mL) was added 50% aqueous hydroxylamine solution (1.704mL), and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at roomtemperature for 5 hr. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure,to the residue was added toluene, and solvent was again evaporated underreduced pressure to give the title compound. The compound was used inStep C without further purification.

C) methyl2-methyl-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)nicotinate

To a mixture of methyl 5-(N′-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-methylnicotinateand THF (56 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.336 g), and themixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C.Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.584 g) was added thereto, and the mixturewas stirred for 4 hr. To the reaction mixture was added water, and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washedwith water and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethylacetate) to give the title compound (1.440 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.00 (3H, s), 4.01 (3H, s), 9.01 (1H, d, J=1.9Hz), 9.40 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

D) methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)nicotinate

A mixture of methyl2-methyl-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)nicotinate (300mg), 1-bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (195 mg),2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (17.15 mg) and (trifluoromethyl)benzene(10 mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 80° C. for 3 hr. To thereaction mixture was added water, and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturatedbrine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (103.9 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.04 (3H, s), 5.10 (2H, s), 8.96 (1H, d, J=1.9Hz), 9.40 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

E)6-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

A reaction mixture of methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)nicotinate(80 mg), (1R)-1-phenylethanamine (31.8 mg), DIEA (33.9 mg) and THF (4.4mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 3 days. To thereaction mixture was added water, and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturatedbrine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (25 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.75 (3H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.17 (1H, d, J=18.5Hz), 4.50 (1H, d, J=18.5 Hz), 5.88 (1H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 7.28-7.44 (5H, m),8.82 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.42 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz).

Example 406-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

A reaction mixture of methyl2-(bromomethyl)-5-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)nicotinate(80 mg), (1S)-l-phenylethanamine (31.8 mg), DIEA (33.9 mg) and THF (4.4mL) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 3 days. To thereaction mixture was added water, and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturatedbrine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent wasevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (28 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.75 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.17 (1H, d, J=18.5Hz), 4.50 (1H, d, J=18.5 Hz), 5.88 (1H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 7.29-7.46 (5H, m),8.83 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 9.42 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz).

Examples 41-60

The compounds of Examples 41-60 were synthesized using the correspondingamine in the same manner as in Step D of Example 13.

Example 612-benzyl-3,3-dimethyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-oneA) 3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

To a solution of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-5-cyanobenzoate (5.7 g) inmethanol (100 mL) was added 28% aqueous ammonia (109 mL), and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The reaction mixturewas concentrated under reduced pressure, to the residue was added water,and the obtained solid was collected by filtration, and washed withethanol to give the title compound (3.12 g).

MS (API+), found: 159.1 (M+1)

B) tert-butyl 6-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole-2-carboxylate

To a solution of 3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile (1 g) in acetonitrile(20 mL) were added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.6 mL) and4-dimethylaminopyridine (39 mg). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 hr, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was washed with diisopropyl ether to give the title compound(1.6 g).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.53 (9H, s), 4.88 (2H, s), 7.82-7.92 (1H,m), 8.15 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz), 8.25 (1H, s).

C) tert-butyl5-cyano-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole-2-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl6-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole-2-carboxylate (500 mg) in THF (8mL) was added a solution (1.07 mL) of sodium hexamethyldisilazane in THFat −78° C., and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 15min. Methyl iodide (302 mg) was added thereto, and the mixture wasslowly warmed to 0° C., and stirred at the same temperature for 4 hr. Tothe reaction mixture was added water, and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography(hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (30.4 mg).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.62 (9H, s), 1.76 (6H, s), 7.55 (1H, d, J=8.0Hz), 7.91 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s).

D) 1,1-dimethyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

To a solution of tert-butyl5-cyano-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole-2-carboxylate (28mg) in ethyl acetate (3 mL) was added 4N hydrogen chloride/ethyl acetatesolution (2.4 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 3 hr, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waswashed with isopropyl ether to give the title compound (17 mg).

MS (API+), found: 187.1 (M+1)

E) 2-benzyl-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile

To a solution of 1,1-dimethyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile (15 mg) inTHF (3 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% in oil, 4.5 mg) at 0° C. Themixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min, and(bromomethyl)benzene (16.5 mg) was added thereto. The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 15 hr, water was added thereto, andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the titlecompound (18 mg).

MS (API+), found: 277.0 (M+1)

F)2-benzyl-3,3-dimethyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

The title compound was synthesized using2-benzyl-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxoisoindoline-5-carbonitrile in the same manneras in Step D of Example 10.

Examples 62-64

The compounds of Examples 62-64 were synthesized using the correspondingamine in the same manner as in Example 13.

The compounds of Examples are shown in the following tables. MS in thetables means actual measured value.

TABLE 1-1 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS 16-benzyl-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

361.1 2 6-(1-phenylethyl)-3-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4- b]pyridin-5-one

375.0 3 6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

389.0 4 6-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

360.0 5 6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

376.1 6 2-benzyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1- one

360.1 7 2-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

374.1

TABLE 1-2 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS  82-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

374.1  9 2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

390.1 10 2-(3-phenoxybenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

451.9 11 2-(2-phenoxybenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

452.0 12 2-(2-methoxybenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

390.0 13 2-((1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)- 6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

392.0 14 2-((1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)- 6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

407.9

TABLE 1-3 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS 152-((1S)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl)- 6-(5-(trifluoromethy)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

392.0 16 2-((1S)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)- 6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

392.0 17 2-((1S)-1-(2,4- difluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

410.0 18 2-((1S)-1-(4- methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

403.9 19 2-((1S)-1-(3- methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

404.0 20 2-((S)-1-(4-fluoro-2- methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- yl)isoindolin-1-one

422.0 21 2-((1S)-1-(2-(difluoromethoxy)-4- fluorophenyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3 yl)isoindolin-1-one

457.9

TABLE 1-4 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS 222-((1S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

424.0 23 2-((1R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

424.0 24 2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

378.0 25 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

393.9 26 2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

444.0 27 2-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

396.0 28 3-((1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro- 2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)benzonitrile

383.0

TABLE 1-5 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS 294-((1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)benzonitrile

383.0 30 2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

437.9 31 2-(3-methoxy-4-(tetrahydrofuran- 2-ylmethoxy)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

490.0 32 2-(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

361.0 33 2-((2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

391.0 34 2-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-6-(5-trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

375.0 35 N-methyl-N-(3-((1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)pyridin-2- yl)methanesulfonamide

468.0

TABLE 1-6 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE MS 362-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

366.9 37 2-((4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1- one

380.9 38 2-((1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

378.0 39 6-((1R)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3.4-b]pyridin-5-one

375.0 40 6-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoroethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one

375.0

TABLE 1-7 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE ADDITIVE MS 41N,N-dimethyl-3-(1-oxo-6-(5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)- 3-phenylpropanamide

445.1 42 N,N-dimethyl-2-(1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-2-phenylacetamide

431.0 43 2-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

457.2 44 2-(2-methoxy-1-phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

404.1 45 N,N-dimethyl-3-((1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)benzamide

431.0 46 N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-((1-oxo-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3 yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)acetamide

445.1 47 2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

428.1

TABLE 1-8 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE ADDITIVE MS 482-(2-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl)-6- (5-trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

426.1 49 2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

438.1 50 2-(3-trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- y)isoindolin-1-one

426.1 51 2-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

444.1 52 2-(3-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

424.0 53 2-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

438.1 54 2-(3-(difluoromethyl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

410.1

TABLE 1-9 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE ADDITIVE MS 556-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-((3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl)methyl)isoindolin-1-one

429.1 56 2-((3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

379.2 57 2-((6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

391.1 58 2-((4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

391.1 59 2-((5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

391.1 60 2-((2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

391.1 61 2-benzyl-3,3-dimethyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

388.2

TABLE 1-10 EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME STRUCTURE ADDITIVE MS 622-((1S)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl)- 6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

388.0 63 2-(biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)isoindolin-1-one

436.0 64 2-(4-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)benzyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

443.2

Experimental Example 1 HDAC1/6 Enzyme Inhibitory Assay

HDAC1 enzyme and HDAC6 enzyme each prepared by transducing full lengthHDAC1 and HDAC6 genes into Sf-9 insect cells and purifying by GSTaffinity column were purchased from SignalChem. Using these enzymes,HDAC1 and/or HDAC6 enzyme inhibitory activities of the compound of thepresent invention were evaluated. Enzymes were used after preserved at−70° C. HDAC1 or HDAC6 enzyme inhibitory activity of the compound of thepresent invention was measured using HDAC-Glo™ I/II Assay kit (Promega)according to the following experimental method. The test compounddiluted with assay buffer (24 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.35 mMKCl, 135 mM NaCl, 0.6 mM Glutathione, 0.01% Tween-20) was added to a384-well plate by each 2 μL. Then, HDAC1 or HDAC6 enzyme solutiondiluted with assay buffer was added thereto by each 4 μL, and the platewas incubated at room temperature for 60 min. After incubated, HDACsubstrate-Developer solution prepared according to Promega protocolattached to the assay kit was added to the 384-well plate by each 2 μL,and the enzyme reaction was started. After reacting at room temperaturefor 20 min, luminescence level was measured using plate reader Envision(PerkinElmer). The inhibitory activity of each compound was calculatedas a relative activity value when luminescence level in wells withoutenzyme is considered as 100% inhibition. The results are shown in Table2.

HDAC9 Enzyme Inhibitory Assay

Enzyme was prepared by transducing full length HDAC9 gene into Sf-9insect cells and purifying by Ni-NTA affinity column, and HDAC9 enzymeinhibitory activity was evaluated. Enzymes were used after preserved at−70° C. HDAC9 enzyme inhibitory activity of the test compound wasmeasured using HDAC-Glo class IIa (Promega) according to the followingexperimental method. The test compound diluted with assay buffer (24 mMTris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.35 mM KCl, 135 mM NaCl, 0.6 mMGlutathione, 0.01% Tween-20) was added to a 384-well plate by each 2 μL.Then, HDAC9 enzyme solution diluted with assay buffer was added theretoby each 2 μL, and the plate was incubated at room temperature for 60min. After incubated, HDAC substrate-Developer solution preparedaccording to Promega protocol was added to the 384-well plate by each 4μL, and the enzyme reaction was started. After reacting at roomtemperature for 20 min, luminescence level was measured using platereader Envision (PerkinElmer). The inhibitory activity of each compoundwas calculated as a relative activity value when luminescence level inwells without enzyme is considered as 100% inhibition. The results areshown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Ex. HDAC6 inhibitory HDAC1 inhibitory HDAC9 inhibitory No. rate(%) (1 μM) rate (%) (1 μM) rate (%) (1 μM) 1 101 61 94 2 100 57 92 3 9836 89 4 93 43 93 5 97 43 93 6 102 24 82 7 95 17 78 8 99 19 87 9 98 31 8110 28 15 52 11 68 4 5 12 96 23 76 13 90 14 79 14 88 9 76 15 95 15 79 1695 20 85 17 95 12 74 18 91 27 89 19 99 29 87 20 95 16 66 21 96 18 73 2292 3 82 23 99 4 28 24 97 17 75 25 94 11 64 26 95 8 58 27 96 21 76 28 9526 82 29 94 23 74 30 94 30 83 31 94 40 92 32 99 13 77 33 98 19 77 34 9716 79 35 97 6 61 36 98 15 81 37 96 20 84 38 97 23 85 39 99 55 90 40 9752 93

Experimental Example 2: Increase in Acetylated Tubulin in Mice In Vivo

administration and recovery of sample: BALB/c mice (female, CharlesRiver Japan, 9-weeks old when used) were used. The compound wassuspended in 0.5% methyl cellulose (hereinafter to be referred to asMC)/distillated water (hereinafter to be referred to as DW), and thesuspension was orally administered at 30 mg/kg (10 mL/kg). After 1, 4, 8and 24 hrs, the cervical spine was dislocated under isofluraneanesthesia, and after confirmation of the death, the spleen was removedby laparotomy. About 20 mg of the spleen was cut, recovered into tubecontaining beads, immediately freezed by immersion in liquid nitrogen,and cryopreserved at −80° C. until used. 0.5 mL RIPA buffer containingprotease inhibitor (Nacalai tesque) was added to the spleen placed inLysing Matrix I tube, and the spleen was crushed by the dedicatedmachine. The sample tube was centrifuged (15,000 rpm, 4° C., 5 min), andthe supernatant was transferred to another tube. The tube was centrifugeagain, and the supernatant was dispensed to a 96-well plate, andpreserved at −80° C. until Western blotting measurement. The proteinamount of the sample was measured using Pierce BCA protein assay kit.For each administration group, three examples were performed per onegroup, and data was shown as the mean±standard error.Western blotting: 0.1 M DTT/sample buffer solution prepared by ten-folddiluting 1 M DTT solution (Sigma) with sample buffer (BioRAD) was mixedwith the spleen sample in the proportion of 1:1, and the sample wasboiled at 100° C. for 3 min. The sample was applied to 15% 28 well gel(DRC) so that the protein amount was 5 to 10 μg/lane, andelectrophoresed at 42 mA/gel for 40 min. After electrophoresed, theprotein in the gel was transferred to PVDF membrane by semidryblotting(2 mA/cm², 60 min). The membrane was immersed in blocking reagent (CanGet Signal) at room temperature for 1 hr, washed, and reacted withprimary antibody (Anti-mouse Ac-tubulin mAb, Cat#T7451, Sigma) againstAc-tubulin overnight at 4° C. After washed, the membrane was reactedwith secondary antibody (Anti-mouse IgG-HRP, Cat#7076, CST) at roomtemperature for 1 hr, and immersed in ECL prime detecting solution (GE),and the chemiluminescence was detected by luminoimage analyzer (LAS3000,Fuji Photo Film). The strength of band detected around 52 kDa wasquantified by LAS3000, and the protein expression level of Ac-tubulinwas evaluated as fold increase relative to vehicle administration group.The results are shown in FIG. 1.

Formulation Example 1 (Production of Capsule)

1) compound of Example 1 30 mg 2) fine powder cellulose 10 mg 3) lactose19 mg 4) magnesium stearate  1 mg Total 60 mg

1), 2), 3) and 4) are mixed and filled in a gelatin

Formulation Example 2 (Production of Tablet)

1) compound of Example 1 30 g 2) lactose 50 g 3) cornstarch 15 g 4)calcium carboxymethylcellulose 44 g 5) magnesium stearate  1 g 1000tablets total 140 g 

The total amount of 1), 2) and 3) and 4) (30 g) is kneaded with water,vacuum dried, and sieved. The sieved powder is mixed with 4) (14 g) and5) (1 g), and the mixture is punched by a tableting machine, whereby1000 tablets containing 30 mg of the compound of Example 1 per tabletare obtained.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The compound of the present invention has a HDAC inhibitory action, andmay be useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and/orinflammatory diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease,systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.), graft versus host disease (GvHD),cancers (multiple myeloma, leukemia, uterine leiomyosarcoma, prostatecancer, cachexia, myelofibrosis, etc.), central nervous diseasesincluding neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease,frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranuclea palsy,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, etc.), Charcot-Marie-Toothdisease and the like.

This application is based on patent application No. 2015-143353 filed onJul. 17, 2015 in Japan, the contents of which are encompassed in fullherein.

1. A compound represented by the formula:

wherein X is CH or N, R¹ is an optionally substituted aromatic ring, andR², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, ora salt thereof.
 2. The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R¹is an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring or anoptionally substituted 5- to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle;R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom, an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group or an optionally substituted carbamoyl group; and R⁴and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl group.
 3. The compound or salt according to claim 1, whereinR¹ is a C₆₋₁₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a 5- to 6-membered monocyclicaromatic heterocycle, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from (a) a halogen atom, (b) a cyano group, (c) aC₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selectedfrom (i) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, and (ii) a halogenatom, (d) a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from (i) a halogen atom, and (ii) a 3- to14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group, (e) a C₆₋₁₄ aryloxy group,(f) a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group, (g) a (C₁₋₆ alkyl) (C₁₋₆alkylsulfonyl)amino group, (h) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group,(i) a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, and (j) a 3- to 14-membered non-aromaticheterocyclic group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 oxo groups; R² andR³ are independently (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a C₁₋₆ alkyl groupoptionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (a) a C₁₋₆alkoxy group, (b) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group, and (c) a 3-to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted by1 to 3 oxo groups, or (3) a mono- or di-C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbamoyl group; andR⁴ and R⁵ are independently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group. 4.The compound or salt according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is benzene or a 5-to 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocycle, each of which isoptionally substituted by 1 to 3 C₁₋₆ alkoxy groups; R² and R³ areindependently a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R⁴ and R⁵ areboth hydrogen atoms.
 5. The compound or salt according to claim 1,wherein R¹ is benzene; R² and R³ are independently a hydrogen atom or aC₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R⁴ and R⁵ are both hydrogen atoms. 6.6-Benzyl-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one,or a salt thereof. 7.2-Benzyl-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one,or a salt thereof. 8.2-((1S)-1-Phenylethyl)-6-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one,or a salt thereof.
 9. A medicament comprising the compound or saltaccording to claim
 1. 10. The medicament according to claim 9, which isa histone deacetylase inhibitor.
 11. The medicament according to claim9, which is an agent for the prophylaxis or treatment ofneurodegenerative diseases.
 12. The compound or salt according to claim1 for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.13. A method of inhibiting histone deacetylase in a mammal, whichcomprises administering an effective amount of the compound or saltaccording to claim 1 to the mammal.
 14. A method for the prophylaxis ortreatment of neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal, which comprisesadministering an effective amount of the compound or salt according toclaim 1 to the mammal.
 15. Use of the compound or salt according toclaim 1 for the production of an agent for the prophylaxis or treatmentof neurodegenerative diseases.